Limba marathi

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Marathi मराठी Marāṭhī
Statut oficial şi codificare
ISO 639-1	mr
ISO 639-2	mar
ISO 639-3 (pentru cel mai răspândit dialect)	mar
Această pagină poate conţine caractere Unicode.

Marathi (मराठी Marāṭhī) este o limbă indo-ariană vorbită de populaţia Marathi, care este grupată în vestul peninsulei India. Marathi este limba oficială a statului indian Maharashtra. Există aproximativ 90 de milioane de vorbitori fluenţi ai limbii, făcând din Marathi cea de-a patra cea mai vorbită limbă a Indiei ^[1], respectiv cea de-a 15-cea cea mai vorbită limbii a lumii. ^[2] Alături de limba bengali, Marathi are cea de-a doua cea mai veche literatură regională a limbilor indo-ariene, datând aproximativ din anul 1000 al erei noastre. ^[3]

Marathi is estimated to be over 1300 years old, and it is evolved from Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsha. Its grammar and syntax derive from Pali^{[necesită citare]} and Prakrit. In ancient times, Marathi was called Maharashtri, Marhatti, Mahratti etc.

Peculiar features of Marathi linguistic culture include Marathi drama, with its unique flavour of 'Sangeet Natak' (musical dramas), scholarly discourses called 'Vasant Vyakhyanmala' (Lectures in Spring), Marathi folk dance called 'Lavani', and special editions of magazines for Diwali called 'Diwali anka'.

Cuprins 1 Distribuţie geografică 2 Statut oficial 3 Istoric 3.1 Înainte de secolul al 12-lea 3.1.1 Formele timpurii 3.2 Între secolul al 12-lea şi 1905 3.2.1 Yadava 3.2.2 Secta Mahanubhav 3.2.3 Secta Warkari 3.2.4 Perioada Maratha 3.2.5 Secolul al 18-lea 3.2.6 După 1800 3.3 Secolul 20  – prezent 4 Dialecte 4.1 Ahirani 4.2 Khandeshi 4.3 Varhadi 4.4 Konkani 4.5 Wadvali 4.6 Samavedi 4.7 Are Marathi 4.8 Thanjavur Marathi and Namdev Marathi 4.9 Altele 4.10 Alte limbi care au suferit o influenţă importantă din partea limbii Marathi 5 Sunetele limbii 5.1 Vocale 5.2 Consonante 6 Scriere 6.1 Scriptul Devanagari 6.2 Scriptul Modi 7 Grupări consonante 8 Gramatică 9 Organizaţii regulatorii a limbii Marathi 10 Vocabular 10.1 Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages 10.2 Formarea cuvintelor şi origine 10.3 Formarea cuvintelor complexe 10.4 Numărare 11 Example short phrases 12 Computere şi Internet 13 Voyager Golden Record 14 Vedeţi şi 15 Referinţe 16 Legături externe

[modifică] Distribuţie geografică

Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighboring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, union-territories of Daman-diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli. The cities of Baroda, Surat, Ahmedabad and entire South Gujarat, particularly the Dang district, Belgaum, Hubli, Dharwad, Gulbarga, Bhalki, Bidar (Karnataka) Indore, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) and Tanjore (Tamil Nadu) each have sizable Marathi-speaking communities. Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian émigrés worldwide, in USA, UAE, South Africa, Singapore, Germany, UK, Australia & New Zealand. The Ethnologue states that Marathi is spoken in Israel and Mauritius.^[4]

[modifică] Statut oficial

Marathi is an official language of Indian state of Maharashtra, and a co-official language or used for official purposes in Goa, union territory of Daman and Diu^[5] and Dadra Nagar haveli.^[6] The Constitution of India recognizes Marathi as one of India's 22 official languages.^[7]

Vezi şi

[modifică] Istoric

Main article: Marathi literature.

Four Prakrit vernacular languages were originally derived from Vedic Sanskrit. Further change in the Prakrits led to the Apabhramsha languages. Marathi evolved from Sanskrit through Maharashtri Prakrit and then Maharashtri Apabhramsha. Marathi may thus be described as being a re-Sanskritised, developed form of Maharashtri Apabhramsha.

Maharashtri Prakrit was commonly spoken until 875 A.D. and was the official language of the Satavahana empire. It had risen to a high literary level and works like Karpurmanjari and Saptashati (150 BC) were written in it. Maharashtri Prakrit was most popular among the Prakrit languages and widely spoken in western and southern India. It was spoken from Malwa and Rajputana in north to Krishna and Tungabhadrain south.^[8] Today's Marathi and Kannada speaking parts have spoken Maharashtri for centuries.^[9]

Maharashtri Apabhramsha (also known as Jain Apabhramsha) came into use about 200 years later and remained in use (by about A.D. 400) for more than a century. Apabhrmasha was used widely in Jain literature and formed an important link in evolution of Marathi. This form of Apabhramsha was re-Sanskritised and eventually became Marathi.

According to the written forms and historical attestations and evidences, Marathi is said to date to the 8th century.^[10][11]

[modifică] Înainte de secolul al 12-lea

[modifică] Formele timpurii

[modifică] Între secolul al 12-lea şi 1905

[modifică] Yadava

[modifică] Secta Mahanubhav

[modifică] Secta Warkari

[modifică] Perioada Maratha

[modifică] Secolul al 18-lea

[modifică] După 1800

[modifică] Secolul 20  – prezent

A literary event called Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Theatre Meet) is also held annually. Both events are very popular amongst Maharashtrians.

[modifică] Dialecte

[modifică] Ahirani

Ahirani is spoken in the west Khandesh North Maharashtara region.

[modifică] Khandeshi

Khandeshi is spoken in East Khandesh specifically in Yawal and Raver Talukas.

[modifică] Varhadi

Varhādi or Vaidarbhi is spoken in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.

[modifică] Konkani

[modifică] Wadvali

This dialect may not necessarily be named thus. It was primarily spoken by Wadvals, which essentially means agricultural plot owners, of the Naigaon, Vasai to Dahanu region. Somavamshi Kshatriyas speak this dialect.

[modifică] Samavedi

Samavedi is spoken in the interiors of Nala Sopara and Virar region to the north of Mumbai in the Vasai Taluka, Thane District of Maharashtra.

[modifică] Are Marathi

Are Marathi, written in Devanagari script as अरे मराठी, is another dialect spoken mostly in Andhra Pradesh.^{[necesită citare]}

[modifică] Thanjavur Marathi and Namdev Marathi

Thanjavur Marathi, Namdev Marathi and Bhavsar Marathi are spoken by many Southern Indians. This dialect evolved from the time of occupation of the Marathas in Thanjavur in southern Tamil Nadu. It has speakers in parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

[modifică] Altele

• Dangii (spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border)
• Judæo-Marathi (spoken by the Bene Israel Jews)
• Kadodii (spoken near Vasai)

Other dialects of Marathi include Warli of Thane District, Dakshini (Marathwada), Deshi (Eastern Konkan Ghats), Deccan, Nagpuri, Ikrani and Gowlan.

[modifică] Alte limbi care au suferit o influenţă importantă din partea limbii Marathi

• Dakhini and Hyderabadi Urdu spoken in Hyderabad and some parts of Deccan are considerably influenced by Marathi. The grammar of Hyderabadi Urdu is adapted from Marathi. In fact, it is also called a creole between Marathi and Urdu with some Telugu words.

• Kannada: especially the northern Karnataka Kannada has been heavily influenced by Marathi. E.g. the feature of aspiration, quite non-native to any Dravidian language, is found in northern Kannada. Also some kinship terms like vahini (brother's wife) are adapted from Marathi. The use of Marathi for numbers is also common amongst Northern districts of Karnataka.

[modifică] Sunetele limbii

The phoneme inventory of Marathi is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below.

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveopalatal	Velar	Glottal
Voiceless stops	p pʰ	t̪ t̪ʰ		ʈ ʈʰ	cɕ cɕʰ	k kʰ
Voiced stops	b bʰ	d̪ d̪ʰ		ɖ ɖʰ	ɟʝ ɟʝʰ	ɡ ɡʰ
Voiceless fricatives			s		ɕ		h
Nasals	m mʰ	n̪ n̪ʰ		ɳ ɳʰ	ɲ	ŋ
Liquids	ʋ ʋʰ		l ɾ lʰ ɾʰ	ɭ ɽ	j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

[modifică] Vocale

Like other abugidas, Devanagari writes out syllables by adding vowel diacritics to consonant bases. The table below includes all the vowel symbols used in Marathi, along with a transliteration of each sound into the Roman alphabet and IPA.

There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of a in act and a in all. These are written as अँ and आँ. The IPA signs for these are /æ/ and /ɔ/, respectively.

[modifică] Consonante

The table below includes all the consonant bases onto which vowel diacritics are placed. The lack of a vowel diacritic can either indicate the lack of a vowel, or the existence of the default, or "inherent", vowel, which in the case of Marathi is the schwa.

[modifică] Scriere

[modifică] Scriptul Devanagari

Marathi is written in the Devanagari script, an alphasyllabary or abugida consisting of 16 vowel letters and 36 consonant letters making a total of 52 letters. It is written from left to right. Devnagari used to write Marathi is slightly different than that of Hindi or other languages. Marathi Devnagari script is called as Balbodh (बाळबोध) script.

[modifică] Scriptul Modi

Marathi was written in Modi script-- a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.^[12] Most writings of Maratha empire are in Modi script. However, Persian-based scripts were also used for court documentation. With the advent of large-scale printing, Modi script fell into disuse, as it proved very difficult for type-setting. Currently due to availability of Modi fonts and the enthusiasm of the young generation the script is far from being vanished. (See Reference Links).

[modifică] Grupări consonante

In Marathi, the consonants by default come with a schwa. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'təyāce', not 'tyāce'. To form 'tyāce', you will have to add त् + याचे, giving त्याचे.

When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar (consonant cluster) is formed. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below:

• त्याचे - tyāce - "his"
• प्रस्ताव - prastāv-"proposal"
• विद्या - vidyā - "knowledge"
• म्यान - myān
• त्वरा - tvarā
• महत्त्व - mahattva - "importance"
• फक्त - phakt - "only"
• बाहुल्या - bāhulyā - "dolls"

Marathi has a few consonant clusters that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including the so-called "nasal aspirates" (ṇh, nh, and mh) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh, and vh). Some examples are given below.

• कण्हेरी - kaṇherī - "a shrub known for flowers"
• न्हाणे - nhāṇ - "bath"
• म्हणून - mhaṇūn - "because"
• तऱ्हा - taṟhā - "different way of behaving"
• कोल्हा - kolhā - "fox"
• केंव्हा - keṃvhā "when"

[modifică] Gramatică

[modifică] Organizaţii regulatorii a limbii Marathi

[modifică] Vocabular

[modifică] Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages

Over a period of many centuries Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Apbhramsha and Sanskrit is understandable.

[modifică] Formarea cuvintelor şi origine

Marathi has taken words from and given words to Sanskrit, Kannada, Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, and Portuguese. At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sansrit.

• Adakitta "nutcracker" directly borrowed from Kannada
• Khurchii "chair" is derived from Arabic kursi
• Jaahiraat "advertisement" is derived from Persian zaahiraat See Note 1
• Shiphaaras "recommendation" is derived from Persian sifarish
• Marjii "wish" is derived from Persian "marzi"
• Batataa "potato", is derived from Portuguese
• Ananas "pineapple", is derived from Portuguese See Note 2
• Niga "looking after" is derived from Persian nîgâh "sight-vision"
• Hajeri Attendance from Hajiri Urdu

A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation, and are considered to be totally assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include "pen" (native Marathi lekhaṇii), "shirt" (sadaraa).

Many Marathi words are very close to English. It is interesting to have a look at the similarity.

• Navy compared to Nau
• Dew compared to Dav
• Tree compared to Taru
• path compared to patha

[modifică] Formarea cuvintelor complexe

[modifică] Numărare

The powers of ten are as follows:

• 100: shambhar (also constructed with number prefix and "-she" suffix)
• 1,000: hazaar (or sahasra, a word close to the Sanskrit version)
• 100,000: laakh (or laksha)
• 10,000,000: koti
• 1,000,000,000: abja
• 10,000,000,000: kharva
• 100,000,000,000: nikharva
• 100,000,000,000,000,000: parardha

[modifică] Example short phrases

Words/phrases	Transliteration	Meaning
नमस्कार	Namaskār.	Hi/Hello.
तुम्ही कसे आहात?	Tumhī kase āhāt?	How do you do?
तू कसा आहेस?	Tū kasā āhes?	How are you? (to a male)
तू कशी आहेस?	Tū kaśī āhes?	How are you? (to a female)
आपण कसे आहात?	Format:IAST	How are you? (formal)
तुम्हाला भेटून आनंद झाला	Format:IAST.	Pleased to meet you.
पुन्हा भेटू	Format:IAST	Goodbye. (Lit.: "We will meet again.")
धन्यवाद	Dhanyavād.	Thank you.
हो	Ho.	Yes.
नाही	Nāhī.	No.
नको	Nako.	No, thank you.
किती?	Kitī?	How much?/How many?
कुठे?	Kuthe?	Where?
कसे?	Kase?	How?
केव्हा?	Kevha?	When?
कोण?	Kon?	Who?
काय?	Kaay?	What?
शुभ रात्री	Śhubh Ratri.	Good night.

[modifică] Computere şi Internet

[modifică] Voyager Golden Record

The Golden Record carries greetings from earth to the Universe in 55 Different Languages, Marathi is one of them. The words are "Namaskar! Hya prithvitil lok tumhala tyanche shubhavichar pathavitat, ani tyanchi iccha ahe ki tumhi hya janmi dhanya vha"^[13]

[modifică] Vedeţi şi

Format:Marathi language topics

• Devanagari
• Languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers

Portal Limba marathi

• List of national languages of India
• Maharashtra
• Marathi literature
• Marathi people
• Modi script

[modifică] Referinţe

[modifică] Legături externe

Dictionaries

• Shabdabandha an online Marathi-Marathi dictionary
• Marathi-English (J.T.Molesworth)
• Marathi-English (Aryabhusan)

Newspapers

• Sakal
• Maharashtra Times
• Loksatta
• Lokmat

Web Portals

• MarathiMati

Format:Maharashtra Format:Languages of India Format:Indo-Iranian languagesSouthern Indo-Aryan languages]]