Planul Morgenthau
Planul Morgenthau a fost un plan de împărțire a Germaniei după cel de-Al Doilea Război Mondial care impunea măsuri dure cu intenția de a înlătura posibilitatea Germaniei de a mai declanșa un război. Planul a fost propus de Henry Morgenthau, secretar al Trezoreriei SUA. Propunerea inițială trebuia atinsă în trei pași importanți:
- Germania urma să fie împărțită în două state independente.
- Centrele principale de minerit și industrie ale Germaniei, incluzând regiunile Saar și Ruhr și Silezia de Sus urmau să fie internaționalizate și anexate țărilor vecine.
- Toată industria grea urma să fie demontată sau distrusă în alt mod.
La a doua conferință din Quebec din 16 septembrie 1944 președintele SUA, Franklin D. Roosevelt și Henry Morgenthau l-au convins pe prim-ministrul britanic Winston Churchill să fie de acord cu planul.[1] Cu toate acestea, Churchill a întocmit o nouă versiune a planului, îngustând scopurile planului inițial și care a fost în final acceptată și semnată și de președintele Roosevelt. [1]
Cuprins |
Vezi și [modificare]
- Societatea pentru Prevenirea celui de-al treilea război mondial
- Planuri industriale pentru Germania
- Istoria Germaniei postbelice
- Planul Marshall
- Planul Monnet, între 1945–1947 de reconstrucție a Franței ce presupunea ca Franța să primească control asupra zonelor cu resursele de cărbune și oțel ale Germaniei în regiunea Ruhr și Saar.
- Planul Bakker-Schut
- Wirtschaftswunder ("Miracolul economic," the seemingly 'miraculous' economic recovery of post-World War II West Germany)
- James Bacque
- Reparații germane pentru cel de-al doilea război mondial
Note [modificare]
Bibliografie [modificare]
- en Beschloss, Michael R, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945.
- en Blum, John Morton (1967), From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945, Boston.
- en Dietrich, John (2002), The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet Influence on American Postwar Policy, New York: Algora, ISBN 1-892941-90-2.
- en Gareau, Frederick H (1 iunie 1961), „Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany”, The Western Political Quarterly 14 (2).
- en Hull, Cordell (1948), Memories, II.
- en Petrov, Vladimir (1967), Money and conquest; allied occupation currencies in World War II, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
- en Wiggers, Richard Dominic (2003), „The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II”, in Vardy, Steven Bela; Tooley, T. Hunt, Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, ISBN 0-88033-995-0.
- en Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina (1993), „Bread Rationing in Britain, July 1946 – July 1948”, Twentieth Century British History 4 (1).
De citit [modificare]
- en Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2010), The German Question and the International Order, 1943–48, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- en
(2008), The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War, Milan: IPOC. - en Moore, Michaela Hoenicke (2009), „11”, Know Your Enemy: The American Debate on Nazism, 1933–1945, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82969-4.
Articole [modificare]
- en Casey, Steven (2005), „The campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public, 1944–1948”, History 90 (297): 62–92, ISSN 1468-229X, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000736/.
Surse primare [modificare]
- en Morgenthau, Henry (1945), Germany is our Problem, New York (Morgenthau details his plan to the U.S. public).
- en Gollancz, Victor (1947a), In Darkest Germany.
- en
(1947b), Germany Revisited, London: Victor Gollancz, http://library.fes.de/fulltext/sozmit/1947-104-1.htm. - en Utley, Freda (1948) (PDF), The high cost of vengeance, http://www.fredautley.com/pdffiles/book01.pdf.
- en Andrews, Col. Stanley (1975), The Journal of a Retread; The observations, problems, and comments of a food and agricultural officer in Military Government in World War II, Alamo, TX, http://www.bluechromis.com/stan/retread/ (provides context, such as on the "Morgenthau boys" and U.S. public opinion).
Legături externe [modificare]
Colecții de documente [modificare]
- en Roosevelt Presidential Library collection relating to Germany (Jan. 1944 – Sept. 1944), (Oct. 1944 – Oct. 1945)
- en Marshal Plan Truman Presidential Library scans of documents dated 1946 onwards, most with relevance to the situation in the German zones of occupation.
- en European Union online collection of historical documents (requires Flash Player)
- en United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States, Conference at Quebec, 1944 Contains all documents related to the Second Quebec Conference, including Morgenthau's proposal, various critiques of it, and the approved proposal (the latter located at p. 466).
Documente [modificare]
- en Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 JCS 1067/6 of 28 April 1945 (The final version, JCS 1067/8 of 10 May 1945, contained an amendment allowing the production of synthetic rubber and oil, aluminum, and magnesium to meet the needs of the occupying forces, where the previous version had ordered the complete destruction of such industries.)
- en United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes Stuttgart speech, September 6, 1946 The speech was according to General Clay based on the letter Clay had sent Byrnes urging him to come to Stuttgart.
- en James Francis Byrnes and U.S. Policy towards Germany 1945–1947 Deutsch-Amerikanische Zentrum / James-F.-Byrnes-Institut e.V
- en UK Policy towards Germany National Archives excerpts of Cabinet meetings. According to the UK foreign minister Bevin President Truman ended the Morgenthau plan in September 1946.
- en Eleanor Roosevelts correspondence with Truman The former first lady was a strong proponent of the Morgenthau plan.
- The column of Eleanor Roosevelt
Imagini [modificare]
- Morgenthau Plan Map Good quality but German text
- Morgenthau Plan Map Poor quality but probably a scan of the original
- Picture of demonstration against dismantling (7 June 1949) Workers in the Ruhr demonstrate against the dismantling of their factories by the Allied forces of occupation. (requires Flash Player)
- Picture: dismantling the Iron and Steel Industry ‘We want to work, we will help you to rebuild Europe' Workers at dismantled plant protest. (requires Flash Player)
- Picture: 12,000 factory workers demonstrate against the dismantling of German industry (19 August 1949) (requires Flash Player)
Interviuri [modificare]
- General William H. Draper Jr. Chief, Economics Division, Control Council for Germany, 1945–46; Military Government Adviser to the Secretary of State, Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, 1947; Under Secretary of War, 1947; Under Secretary of the Army, 1947–49;
- E. Allan Lightner, Jr. Assistant Chief, 1945–47, and Associate Chief, 1947–48, of the Central European Affairs Division, Department of State
- Gunther Harkort Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), 1949–52.
Articole din revista americană Time [modificare]
- en "Dismember or Dismantle", February 21, 1944
- en "The Policy of Hate", October 2, 1944
- en "The Battle for Peace Terms", October 9, 1944
- en "The Price to Pay", April 2, 1945
- en "Housekeeping in Hell", May 14, 1945
- en "Take It Away", July 30, 1945
- en "Morgenthau's Hope", October 15, 1945
- en "Journey to Stuttgart", September 16, 1946
- en "Peace This Winter", December 2, 1946
- en "Firing Commences", August 11, 1947
- en "Faceless Crisis", April 4, 1949
- en "Topside Teammates", January 28, 1952
- "A Spy in the Treasury", November 16, 1953
- en "The Peace Was Lost By Ignoring Justice And the Facts of Life", March 28, 1955
- en "Toward a Lost Peace", January 9, 1956
- "Vengeance v. Vision", September 22, 1967
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