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Rasa europoidă

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Rasa europoidă (sau albă)[1] este o clasificare rasială astăzi perimată a oamenilor în baza unei teorii a raselor biologice, astăzi infirmată.[2][3][4] Rasa europoidă era în trecut considerată un taxon biologic care, în funcție de care din vechile clasificări pe rase se folosește, curpindea de regulă populațiile vechi și moderne din toate părțile Europei, Asiei de Vest, Asiei Centrale, Asiei de Sud, Africii de Nord, și Cornului Africii.[5][6]

Introdusă în deceniul anilor 1780 de membri ai Școlii de istorie de la Göttingen⁠(d),[a] termenul desemna una dintre cele trei presupuse rase majore ale omenirii (europoidă, Mongoloidă, și negroidă).[11] În antropologia biologică, rasa europoidă a fost folosită ca termen-umbrelă pentru grupurile fenotipic similare din aceste regiuni diferite, cu concentrare pe anatomia scheletului, în special morfologia craniană, fără a ține cont de culoarea pielii.[12] Ca urmare, populațiile „europoide” antică și modernă nu erau exclusiv „albe”, ci aveau piele de diverse culori, de la alb la brun închis.[13]

De prin a doua jumătate a secolului al XX-lea, antropologii fiziciști au trecut de la o înțelegere tipologică a diversității biologice umane spre o perspectivă genomică bazată pe populații, și au început să înțeleagă rasele mai mult drept clasificări sociale ale oamenilor pe baza fenotipului și originii, conceptul având o dimensiune și în domeniul științelor sociale.[14]

În Statele Unite, se folosește încă termenul Caucasian ca sinonim pentru albi⁠(d) sau europeni, persoane cu origini și strămoși din Orientul Mijlociu, sau nord-africane,[15][16][17] utilizare care și ea este supusă criticilor.[18][19][20]

Populații contemporane

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Desen din Cartea Porților, o frescă antică de pe mormântul faraonului Seti I, prezentând (începând de la stânga): libian alb, nubian, levantin, egiptean.[21]
Alegorie a patru popoare din Europa dintr-o evanghelie datând din anul 990 d.C., care prezintă două nuanțe de culoare ale pielii („galben” și „maro deschis”) și patru culori ale părului, maro deschis (slavi), blond (germani), negru (galo-romani) și maro întunecat (latini romani).

Națiuni și regiuni în afara Europei cu populație semnificativă de origine europeană:

Africa

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Asia

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Orientul Mijlociu

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America de Nord

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America Centrală, Caraibe și America de Sud

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Germani argentinieni în Crespo (provincia argentiniană Entre Ríos)

Oceania

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Vezi și

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Note

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  1. ^ Pearson, Roger (). Anthropological glossary. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co. p. 79. ISBN 9780898745108. Accesat în . 
  2. ^ Templeton, A. (). „Evolution and Notions of Human Race”. În Losos, J.; Lenski, R. How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. ... the answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no. 
  3. ^ Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (februarie 2017). „Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519 Accesibil gratuit. PMID 27874171. 
  4. ^ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (). „AAPA Statement on Race and Racism”. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Accesat în . 
  5. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (). The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 400–401. This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands⁠(d); and across Afghanistan into India [...] The Mediterranean racial zone stretches unbroken from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence eastward to India [...] A branch of it extends far southward on both sides of the Red Sea into southern Arabia, the Ethiopian highlands⁠(d), and the Horn of Africa. 
  6. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens; Hunt, Edward E. (). The Living Races of Man. Londra: Jonathan Cape⁠(d). p. 93. Late Capsians⁠(d) from North Africa are clearly Caucasoid and, more specifically, almost entirely Mediterranean. 
  7. ^ Baum 2006, pp. 84–85. : "Finally, Christoph Meiners (1747–1810), the University of Göttingen 'popular philosopher' and historian, first gave the term Caucasian racial meaning in his Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit (Outline of the History of Humanity; 1785) ... Meiners pursued this 'Göttingen program' of inquiry in extensive historical-anthropological writings, which included two editions of his Outline of the History of Humanity and numerous articles in Göttingisches Historisches Magazin"
  8. ^ William R. Woodward (). Hermann Lotze: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-316-29785-8. ... the five human races identified by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach – Negroes, American Indians, Malaysians, Mongolians, and Caucasians. He chose to rely on Blumenbach, leader of the Göttingen school of comparative anatomy 
  9. ^ Nicolaas A. Rupke (). Göttingen and the Development of the Natural Sciences. Wallstein-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89244-611-8. For it was at Gottingen in this period that the outlines of a system of classification were laid down in a manner that still shapes the way in which we attempt to comprehend the different varieties of humankind – including usage of such terms as 'Caucasian'. 
  10. ^ Charles Simon-Aaron (). The Atlantic Slave Trade: Empire, Enlightenment, and the Cult of the Unthinking Negro. Lewiston, New York⁠(d): Edwin Mellen Press⁠(d). ISBN 978-0-7734-5197-1. Here, Blumenbach placed the white European at the apex of the human family; he even gave the European a new name – i.e., Caucasian. This relationship also inspired the academic labors of Karl Otfried Muller, C. Meiners and K. A. Heumann, the more important thinkers at Gottingen for our project. (This list is not intended to be exhaustive.) 
  11. ^ Pickering, Robert (). The Use of Forensic Anthropology. CRC Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4200-6877-1. 
  12. ^ Pickering, Robert (). The Use of Forensic Anthropology. CRC Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4200-6877-1. 
  13. ^ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (). Thomas Bendyshe, ed. The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Anthropological Society. pp. 265, 303, 367. ISBN 9780878211241. 
  14. ^ Caspari, Rachel (). „From types to populations: A century of race, physical anthropology, and the American Anthropological Association” (PDF). American Anthropologist. 105 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.65. hdl:2027.42/65890 Accesibil gratuit. 
  15. ^ „Race”. 
  16. ^ Bhopal, R.; Donaldson, L. (). „White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health”. American Journal of Public Health. 88 (9): 1303–1307. doi:10.2105/ajph.88.9.1303. PMC 1509085 Accesibil gratuit. PMID 9736867. 
  17. ^ Baum 2006, p. 3,18.
  18. ^ Herbst, Philip (). The color of words: an encyclopaedic dictionary of ethnic bias in the United States. Intercultural Press. ISBN 978-1-877864-97-1. Though discredited as an anthropological term and not recommended in most editorial guidelines, it is still heard and used, for example, as a category on forms asking for ethnic identification. It is also still used for police blotters (the abbreviated Cauc may be heard among police) and appears elsewhere as a euphemism. Its synonym, Caucasoid, also once used in anthropology but now dated and considered pejorative, is disappearing. 
  19. ^ Mukhopadhyay, Carol C. (). „Getting Rid of the Word 'Caucasian'”. În Mica Pollock. Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real About Race in School. New Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-1-59558-567-7. Yet there is one striking exception in our modern racial vocabulary: the term 'Caucasian'. Despite being a remnant of a discredited theory of racial classification, the term has persisted into the twenty-first century, within as well as outside of the educational community. It is high time we got rid of the word Caucasian. Some might protest that it is 'only a label'. But language is one of the most systematic, subtle, and significant vehicles for transmitting racial ideology. Terms that describe imagined groups, such as Caucasian, encapsulate those beliefs. Every time we use them and uncritically expose students to them, we are reinforcing rather than dismantling the old racialized worldview. Using the word Caucasian invokes scientific racism, the false idea that races are naturally occurring, biologically ranked subdivisions of the human species and that Caucasians are the superior race. Beyond this, the label Caucasian can even convey messages about which groups have culture and are entitled to recognition as Americans. 
  20. ^ Dewanjuly, Shaila (). „Has 'Caucasian' Lost Its Meaning?”. The New York Times. Accesat în . AS a racial classification, the term Caucasian has many flaws, dating as it does from a time when the study of race was based on skull measurements and travel diaries ... Its equivalents from that era are obsolete – nobody refers to Asians as 'Mongolian' or blacks as 'Negroid'. ... There is no legal reason to use it. It rarely appears in federal statutes, and the Census Bureau has never put a checkbox by the word Caucasian. (White is an option.) ... The Supreme Court, which can be more colloquial, has used the term in only 64 cases, including a pair from the 1920s that reveal its limitations ... In 1889, the editors of the original Oxford English Dictionary noted that the term Caucasian had been 'practically discarded'. But they spoke too soon. Blumenbach's authority had given the word a pseudoscientific sheen that preserved its appeal. Even now, the word gives discussions of race a weird technocratic gravitas, as when the police insist that you step out of your 'vehicle' instead of your car ... Susan Glisson, who as the executive director of the William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation in Oxford, Miss., regularly witnesses Southerners sorting through their racial vocabulary, said she rarely hears 'Caucasian'. 'Most of the folks who work in this field know that it's a completely ridiculous term to assign to whites,' she said. 'I think it's a term of last resort for people who are really uncomfortable talking about race. They use the term that's going to make them be as distant from it as possible.' 
  21. ^ Biological and Ethnic Identity in New Kingdom Nubia[nefuncțională]
  22. ^ South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  23. ^ Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  24. ^ „Réunion Island”. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  25. ^ Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  26. ^ "Ivory Coast - The Economy". Library of Congress Country Studies.
  27. ^ Senegal, About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.
  28. ^ Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  29. ^ Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  30. ^ Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold? Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine., The Globalist⁠(d), 23 februarie 2004
  31. ^ "Siberian Germans".
  32. ^ Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
  33. ^ Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  34. ^ Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  35. ^ Tajikistan - Ethnic Groups. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
  36. ^ HK Census. "HK Census Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.." Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
  37. ^ "Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'". BBC News. 27 martie 2008.
  38. ^ „Greenland”. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  39. ^ „Canadian Census 2006”. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  40. ^ North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
  41. ^ Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  42. ^ Silva-Zolezzi, Irma; Hidalgo-Miranda, Alfredo; Estrada-Gil, Jesus; Fernandez-Lopez, Juan Carlos; Uribe-Figueroa, Laura; Contreras, Alejandra; Balam-Ortiz, Eros; del Bosque-Plata, Laura; Velazquez-Fernandez, David; Lara, Cesar; Goya, Rodrigo; Hernandez-Lemus, Enrique; Davila, Carlos; Barrientos, Eduardo; March, Santiago; Jimenez-Sanchez, Gerardo (), Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico, 106 (21), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, doi:10.1073/pnas.0903045106, ISSN 0027-8424 
  43. ^ Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  44. ^ Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  45. ^ Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  46. ^ Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  47. ^ Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  48. ^ Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  49. ^ „Chile”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Accesat în . "Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent". 
  50. ^ Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  51. ^ „Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups”. CIA World Factbook. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . white (including mestizo) 94%  = 3.9 million whites and mestizos
  52. ^ „Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo”. Censo de Población y Viviendas (în Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. . Accesat în . 
  53. ^ Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  54. ^ „Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups”. CIA World Factbook. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  55. ^ El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  56. ^ French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  57. ^ Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  58. ^ „Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups”. CIA World Factbook. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  59. ^ „Panama; People; Ethnic groups”. CIA World Factbook. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  60. ^ Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  61. ^ Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  62. ^ Trinidad French Creole
  63. ^ Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  64. ^ Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
  65. ^ French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA
  66. ^ Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. World Factbook of CIA

Legături externe

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Bibliografie

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  • Allen, Theodore, The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols. (London: Verso, 1994)
  • Bruce David Baum, The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity, NYU Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8147-9892-8.
  • Bonnett, Alastair White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives (Harlow, Pearson, 2000)
  • Brodkin, Karen, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America, Rutgers, 1999, ISBN 0-8135-2590-X.
  • Foley, Neil, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
  • Gossett, Thomas F., Race: The History of an Idea in America, New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
  • Guglielmo, Thomas A., White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890–1945, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515543-2
  • Hannaford, Ivan, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
  • Ignatiev, Noel, How the Irish Became White, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-91825-1.
  • Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine. British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 215–235 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh012. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
  • Jacobson, Matthew Frye, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race, Harvard, 1999, ISBN 0-674-95191-3.
  • Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. Constable and Robinson Ltd., London. ISBN 978-1-84529-185-7.
  • Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, et al. (2005) Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure. PLoS Genet 1(6): e70 doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070
  • Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, et al. (2002) Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298: 2381–2385. Abstract
  • Segal, Daniel A., review of Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit[nefuncțională]. American Ethnologist⁠(d), mai 2002, Vol. 29, Nr. 2, pp. 470–473 doi:10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470
  • Smedley, Audrey, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
  • Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown,7 James S. Pankow,8 Michael A. Province,9 Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76:268–275.


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