Presbiterianism

Presbiterianism se referă la un număr de biserici creștine care au aderat la trediția teologică calvinistă din cadrul schismei protestante. Teologia presbiteriană subliniază suveranitatea lui Dumnezeu, autoritatea Bibliei și necesitatea graţie divine prin credința în Iisus Hristos.

Presbiterianismul a evoluat inițial în Scoția înainte de Actul Uniunii din 1707. Majoritatea puținilor prezbiterieni care mai pot fi găsiți în Anglia de astăzi își pot găsi o conexiune scoțiană. Deși unii aderenți se mențin pe linia trasată de teologia lui Calvin și a succesorilor săi direcți, există o largă desfășurare de viziuni teologice în cadrul prezbiterianismului contemporan.

Urmele prezbiterienilor moderni pot fi găsite în Reforma scoțiană. Congregațiile locale constau din sesiuni alcătuite din reprezentanți ai localnicilor, mod de organizare care este întâlnit la toate nivele superioare celor de bază (Presbytery, Synod and General Assembly). Teoretic, în prezbiterianism nu există un episcop; totuși anumite grupuri, mai ales din Europa de Estprecum și alte grupuri ecunemice au episcopi. Oficiul sau instituția celor în vârstă reprezintă un alt semn distinctiv al prezbiterianismului, această entitate nu este preoțească luând parte în toate deciziile la toate nivelele.

The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century, with the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches who trace their history back to Scotland are either Presbyterian or Congregationalist in government.

In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians have played an important role in the Ecumenical Movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Alliance of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists.

Regiuni

Țara Galilor

In Wales Presbyterianism is represented by the Presbyterian Church of Wales, which was originally composed largely of Calvinistic Methodists.

Franța

Huguenot Cross‎

În Franța Prezbiterianismul este reprezentat de Biserica Reformata din Franța, Prezbiterianismul este cel mai numeros grup protestant din Franța. Exista de asemenea Luterani si Evanghelici. Termenii utilizați în Franța sunt "Protestant, Calvinist", nu "Prezbiterian". Simbolul este o Cruce Hughenota (Croix Huguenote) with the burning bush.

America de Nord

Vezi și: Reformed Churches in North America

Evolution of Presbyterianism in the United States. Courtesy of the Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, PA.

Oceania

Vezi și: List of Presbyterian denominations in Australia

Caracteristici

Guvernare

Articol principal: Presbyterian church governance.

Doctrină

Presbyterian Cross

Practicarea cultului

Articol principal: Presbyterian worship.

Arhitectură

Principalele elemente ale cultului

• Pulpit
• Chancel
• Celtic cross/Presbyterian cross
• Communion table
• Baptismal font
• Aisles
• Stained glass
• Religious art
• Lectern
• Banners
• Flags

Exemple

• Fourth Presbyterian Church, Chicago, Illinois
• St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland
• Madison Ave Presbyterian, New York, New York
• St Mary's Presbyterian, West Virginia
• Cathedral of Hope, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• First Presbyterian, San Rafael, California
• Bel Air Presbyterian, Los Angeles, California
• Shadyside Presbyterian Church
• Christ Presbyterian Church; Canton, Ohio
• First Presbyterian Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia

Referințe

• Stewart J Brown. The National Churches of England, Ireland, and Scotland, 1801-46 (2001)
• William Henry Foote. Sketches of North Carolina, Historical and Biographical... (1846) - full-text history of early North Carolina and its Presbyterian churches
• Andrew Lang. John Knox and the Reformation (1905)
• William Klempa, ed. The Burning Bush and a Few Acres of Snow: The Presbyterian Contribution to Canadian Life and Culture (1994)
• Marsden, George M. The Evangelical Mind and the New School Presbyterian Experience (1970)
• Mark A Noll. Princeton And The Republic, 1768-1822 (2004)
• Frank Joseph Smith, The History of the Presbyterian Church in America, Reformation Education Foundation, Manassas, VA 1985
• William Warren Sweet, Religion on the American Frontier, 1783—1840, vol. 2, The Presbyterians (1936), primary sources
• Ernest Trice Thompson. Presbyterians in the South vol 1: to 1860; Vol 2: 1861-1890; Vol 3: 1890-1972. (1963-1973)
• Leonard J. Trinterud, The Forming of an American Tradition: A Re-examination of Colonial Presbyterianism (1949)
• Encyclopedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (1884)
• Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland

Vezi și

• Christianity
• Reformed churches
• Protestant Reformation
• Scottish Reformation
• Religion in Scotland
• World Alliance of Reformed Churches
• Scots-Irish Americans
• Puritan's Pit

Confesiunea Credinței

• Westminster Confession of Faith
• Larger Catechism
• Shorter Catechism
• Directory of Public Worship
• Scots Confession

Controverse

• Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy
• Vestments controversy

Biserici

• List of Christian denominations#Reformed Churches
• St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, sometimes regarded as the mother church for world Presbyterianism

Collegii și seminarii

• Presbyterian universities and colleges

Oameni

Clergy, or theologians:

• John Calvin
• John Knox
• John Witherspoon
• Peter Marshall (preacher)
• George MacPherson Docherty
• Eugene Carson Blake
• Ian Paisley
• D. James Kennedy
• Fred Rogers
• Billy Sunday

Lay members: (source: adherents.com)

• Andrew Jackson
• James K. Polk
• James Buchanan
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Rutherford B. Hayes
• Benjamin Harrison
• Grover Cleveland
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Ronald Reagan
• Woodrow Wilson
• Billy Graham (before he became Baptist)
• Stonewall Jackson
• William Jennings Bryan
• Condoleezza Rice
• Bob Hope (originally)
• David Lee (basketball)
• Gordon Brown

Legături externe

• Worship — Service for the Lord's Day (Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church), an article describing an order of worship typical of mainline English-speaking Presbyterian congregations.
• Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America
• Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
• Presbyterian Church in America
• Presbyterian Church USA
• Orthodox Presbyterian Church
• Spanish Reformed Churches I.R.E.
• Mizoram Presbyterian Church, Mizoram, India (Mizo language)

Arhive

• Historical Center of the Presbyterian Church in America, St. Louis, MO, USA
• Historical Foundation of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Memphis, TN, USA
• Presbyterian Church Archives of Aotearoa, New Zealand, Opoho, Dunedin, New Zealand
• Foreign Missions Archives for the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa, New Zealand
• Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives and Records Office, Toronto, Canada
• Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, PA, USA
• Presbyterian Church in Ireland Archives, Belfast, Northern Ireland
• Presbyterian Heritage Center at Montreat