Rolul Armatei a XIV-a în Transnistria
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Implicarea Armatei a 14-a de gardă sovietică în Conflictul din Transnistria a dus la apariția teritoriului separatist Transnistria și la independența de facto față de Republica Moldova. Zona are parlament propriu, imn și steag propriu, armată proprie, monedă proprie, etc... prezentând toate caracteristicile unui stat independent.
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[modificare] Fundal
Armata a 14-a de gardă sovietică a fost creată ca unitate a Armatei Sovietice în circa 1956 din Corpul al 10-lea pușcași de Gardă „Budapesta” , anterior parte a Districtului Militar Odessa (Одесский военный округ)[1] având cartierul general la Chișinău.
În anii 1980 cartierul general a fost mutat la Tiraspol, în interiorul Republicii Sovietice Socialiste Moldovenească. Până în 1991, Armata a 14-a era formată din patru divizii motorizate de pușcași și alte unități mai mici. Numai Divizia motorizată a 59-a de pușcași și alte unități mai mici, inclusiv Regimentul al 1162-lea de rachete antiaeriene au rămas pe malul stâng al Nistrului în regiunea transnistreană.[2] Alte formațiuni, inclusiv diviziile a 28-a, a 86-a de gardă, a 180-a motorizată de pușcași, se găseau peste graniță în Ucraina și au devenit parte a Forțelor Terestre Ucrainene (Cухопутні Війська ЗСУ). Potrivit unor surse din cadrul Armatei, transnistrenii constituiau marea majoritate a soldaților, inclusiv 51% din ofițeri și 79% din recruți.[3]
[modificare] Conflictul din Transnistria
În timp ce politica oficială a Federației Ruse puțin înainte și după izbucnirea conflictului armat din 1992 era una de neutralitate, mulți soldați și ofițeri din Armata a 14-a au simpatizat cauza RMN și au participat activ în lupte ca parte a forțelor armate ale Gărzilor Republicane. În plus, o cantitate considerabilă de echipament militar a fost luată fără rezistență și dată forțelor armate ale RMN.[4]
The commanding officer of the Army, General G. I. Yakovlev, was openly supportive of the newly created PMR. He participated in the founding of the PMR, served in the PMR Supreme Soviet and accepted the position as the first chairman of the PMR Department of Defense on 3 December 1991, causing the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS armed forces, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov, to relieve him of his rank and service in the Russian military.[5] Yakovlev's successor, General Yuriy Netkachev has assumed a more neutral stance in the conflict.[6] However, his attempts at mediation between Chișinău and Tiraspol were largely unsuccessful.[7]
On 23 March 1992, Shaposhnikov signed a decree authorising the transfer of military equipment of 14th Guards Army units stationed on the right bank of the Dniester to the Republic of Moldova. This military equipment had constituted the majority of the materiel utilized by the Moldovan army in the ensuing War of Transnistria. A second decree, issued on 1 April by Boris Yeltsin, transferred the personnel of the 14th Guards Army, as well as all left-bank military equipment, including a large weapons stockpile at Cobasna, under Russian jurisdiction.[8]
By June 1992 the situation had escalated to an open military engagement. With the near disintegration of the army during the heaviest fighting in and around the city of Bendery, in the wake of a coordinated offensive by Moldovan forces, General Major Alexander Lebed arrived at the 14th Army headquarters on 23 June with standing orders to stop the ongoing conflict with any available means, inspect the army, prevent the theft of armaments from its depots and ensure the unimpeded evacuation of armaments and Army personnel from Moldovan and through Ukrainian territory. After briefly assessing the situation, he assumed command of the army, relieving Netkachev, and ordered his troops to enter the conflict directly. On 3 July at 03:00, a massive artillery strike originating from the 14th Army formations stationed on left bank of the Dniester obliterated the Moldovan force concentrated in Gerbovetskii forest, near Bendery, effectively ending the military phase of the conflict.[7][8][9] According to at least one Moldovan source, 112 Moldovan soldiers were killed by the salvo.[10]
[modificare] După conflict
Since the end of the conflict, a separate Russian unit was moved into the region as part of the joint Russian-Moldovan-Transnistrian peacekeeping force, the Joint Control Commission. The 14th Guards Army itself was reformed in April 1995 into the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Moldova which came under the command of the Moscow Military District and was charged with guarding the weapons stockpile at Cobasna.[8] The force is now around 1200 strong, and according to Kommersant-Vlast in 2005, consisted of the 8th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, the 1162nd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment, 15th Signals Regiment, and other support units.[11]
[modificare] Situația actuală
The operational group is la data de septembrie 2006[update] commanded by Major General Boris Sergeyev of Russia and numbers 1,199 troops. It serves alongside the Joint Control Commission.[12]
On 18 November 2008, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly adopted a resolution, urging Russia to "respect its commitments which were taken at the Istanbul OSCE Summit in 1999 and withdraw its illegal military presence from the Transdnestrian region of Moldova in the nearest future."[13]
[modificare] Note
- ^ "Russian troops in Transnistria – a threat to the security of the Republic of Moldova" By Dr. Mihai Gribincea, Institute of Political and Military Studies, Chișinău, Moldova]
- ^ Feskov et al., 2004, "The Soviet Army in the period of the Cold War", Tomsk University Press.
- ^ Edward Ozhiganov, "The Republic of Moldova: Transdniester and the 14th Army," in "Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives," Alexei Arbatov, et al. eds. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997), p. 179.
- ^ The flow of Red Army men and materiel to PMR armed forces was widely reported in the CIS press at the time. See for ex., Nezavisimaya Gazeta, June 18, 1992 trans. in FBIS, June 19, 1992, 63; and Radio Rossii, June 20, 1992, trans. in FBIS, June 22, 1992, 62.
- ^ ru Anna Volkova, "Leader" (Tiraspol’: [s.n.], 2001), p. 56. Available online at: http://www.olvia.idknet.com/soderjanie.htm
- ^ Igor Smirnov, "Zhit’ na nashei zemle." (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 2001), p. 62.
- ^ a b ru Mikhail Bergman, "Вождь в чужой стае"
- ^ a b c Irina F. Selivanova, "U.S. and Russian Policymaking With Respect to the Use of Force", chapter 4, Trans-Dniestria
- ^ ru Anatolii Mikhailovich Kazakov, "Krovavoe leto v benderakh – zapiski pokhodnogo atamana".
- ^ ru Sergei Skripnik, "Benderskie Khroniki"
- ^ ru "Что такое современная армия России" 21 February 2005, Kommersant-Vlast
- ^ Ian Johnstone (ed), Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2007, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder/London, p.131
- ^ NATO-resolution. 11. b.
