Sat (Statele Unite ale Americii)

Sat (în engleză village), desemnează în Statele Unite ale Americii o localitate încorporată, o diviziune administrativă de ordin terțiar a Uniunii (după cea de stat, de ordin primar, și cea de comitat, de ordin secundar) și care variază în semnicație informativă și utilizare formală în funcție de zona geografică și legislația locală.

Satele, aidoma orașelor, târgurilor și cătunelor, respectiv a localităților desemnate pentru recensământ și a districtelor, sunt entități locuite/localități (sau locuri populate, în engleză populated places) componente ale comitatelor din toate statele Statelor Unite ale Americii.

De la promulgarea celui de-al Zecelea amendament al Constituției Statelor Unite, care face guvernele statelor responsabile pentru guvernarea locală, statele sunt libere de a numi subdiviziunile lor terțiare precum doresc să o facă, inclusiv sate, deci villages.

Tipic, un sat din Statele Unite este o municipalitate, adică o localitate încorporată de tipul orașelor și târgurilor, sau a zonelor încorporate de tipul districtelor sau districtelor civile, fiind de obicei suburbană, deci având o populație redusă și care este și situată în zone slab populate (numite adesea și zone rurale).

Utilizare informativă [modificare]

În utilizare informativă, un sat din Statele Unite poate fi o așezare umană de mici dimensiuni care nu are o existență legală formală.

În Noua Anglie colonială, un sat era o mică așezare formată tipic în jurul clădirii unei biserici, care implicit se găsește în centrul acestei așezări, numită târg din Noua Anglie (conform, New England town).^[1] Multe dintre aceste așezări încă există ca centre de târguri. Odată cu avansul tehnologic, economic și social determinat de Revoluția industrială, un nou tip de sat a apărut în jurul minelor, fabricilor și/sau centrelor industriale, satul sau cartierul industrial (conform, industrial villages).^[1] Din cauza faptului că majoritatea satelor din New England se găseau în limitele administrative ale unor târguri deja constituite, multe dintre aceste cartiere industriale nu au fost niciodată încorporate separat ca municipalități.

O comunitate ne-încorporată, similară cu cea de sat, dar mai mică, este cea de cătun (în engleză, hamlet) din statul New York. Uneori un sat este o localitate încorporată și se poate găsi în anumite state ale Uniunii în care - din punct de vedere administrativ - toate municipalitățile (orașe, târguri, districte, districte civile și sate) sunt echivalente ca funcție.

Utilizare formală [modificare]

Statele care recunosc formal satul (ca municipalitate - de ordin doi, trei sau patru- sau chiar ca district civil) au definiții ale termenului care variază foarte mult.^[2] În mod obișnuit, un sat (în engleză village) este fie un district special ori o municipalitate. Ca municipalitate, un sat poate

diferi (ca populație) comparativ cu un oraș sau cu un târg;
diferi față de un oraș (city) sau târg (town) în termeni de apartenență la un district civil; ori
fi teoretiv echivalent cu un oraș (city) sau târg (town).

Alaska [modificare]

Conform Articolului 10, Secțiunea a 2-a a Constituția Statului Alaska, precum și legea specială derivată din constituția statului, Alaska recunoaște legal doar orașele (în engleză cities)) și echivalentele comitatelor (numite doar în Alaska boroughs) ca entități municipale.^[3] In Alaska, "village" is a colloquial term used to refer to small communities, which are mostly located in the rural areas of the state, often unconnected to the contiguous North American road system. Many of these communities are populated predominately by Alaska Natives and are federally recognized as villages under the Indian Reorganization Act and/or the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. As voting membership in the Alaska Municipal League is on an equal footing, regardless of population, most villages are incorporated as second-class cities. In common usage, however, these communities are thought of more often as villages than as cities.

Delaware [modificare]

Municipalities in Delaware are called cities, towns, or villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes.

Florida [modificare]

Municipalities in Florida are called cities, towns, or villages. They are not differentiated for census purposes.

Idaho [modificare]

All municipalites in Idaho are called cities, although the terms "town" and "village" are sometimes used in statutes.

Illinois [modificare]

Municipalities in Illinois are called cities, towns, or villages.

Louisiana [modificare]

A village in Louisiana is a municipality having a population of 1,000 or fewer.

Maine [modificare]

In Maine, village corporations or village improvement corporations are special districts established in towns for limited purposes.

Massachusetts [modificare]

All of the land area in Massachusetts is allocated to incorporated municipalities called either a city or town. Some municipalities (such as Newton, Massachusetts) have villages, and where they exist they are the equivalent of neighborhoods, which usually have no corporate existence and no official boundaries or government recognition. Sometimes villages and neighborhoods are recognized incidentally, through declarative signs, parking districts, or names used by the United States Post Office.

Maryland [modificare]

Vezi și: List of incorporated places in Maryland

In Maryland, a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or a special tax district. An example of the latter is the Village of Friendship Heights.

Michigan [modificare]

In Michigan, villages differ from cities in that, whereas villages remain part of the townships in which they are formed, thereby reducing their home-rule powers, cities are not part of townships. Because of this, village governments are required to share some of the responsibilities to their residents with the township.^[4]

Minnesota [modificare]

Villages that existed in Minnesota as of January 1, 1974, became statutory cities, as opposed to charter cities. Cities may or may not exist within township areas.^[5]

Mississippi [modificare]

A village in Mississippi is a municipality of 100 to 299 inhabitants. They may no longer be created.

Missouri [modificare]

The municipalities of Missouri are cities and villages. Unlike cities, villages have no minimum population requirement.

Nebraska [modificare]

In Nebraska, a village is a municipality of 100 through 800 inhabitants, whereas a city must have at least 800 inhabitants. All villages, but only some cities, are within township areas. A city of the second class (800-4,999 inhabitants) may elect to revert to village status.

New Hampshire [modificare]

In New Hampshire, a village district or precinct may be organized within a town. Such a village district or precinct is a special district with limited powers. The New Hampshire Association of Village Districts has a website at www.NHAVD.org

New Jersey [modificare]

Articol principal: Village (New Jersey).

A village in the context of New Jersey local government, refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government. Villages, like other municipalities, are not part of a township.

New Mexico [modificare]

The municipalities in New Mexico are cities, towns, and villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes.

New York [modificare]

Articol principal: Administrative divisions of New York#Village.

In New York State, a village is an incorporated area that differs from a city in that a village is within the jurisdiction of one or more towns, whereas a city is independent of a town. Villages thus have less autonomy than cities.

A village is usually, but not always, within a single town. A village is a clearly defined municipality that provides the services closest to the residents, such as garbage collection, street and highway maintenance, street lighting and building codes. Some villages provide their own police and other optional services. Those municipal services not provided by the village are provided by the town or towns containing the village. As of the 2000 census, there are 553 villages in New York.

There is no limit to the population of a village in New York; Hempstead, the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km²) in area. Present law requires a minimum of 500 residents to incorporate as a village.

North Carolina [modificare]

The municipalities in North Carolina are cities, towns, and villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes.

Ohio [modificare]

In Ohio, a village is an incorporated municipality with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants (not including residents of educational or correctional facilities).^[6] The minimum population for incorporation as a village is 1,600 inhabitants, but this was not always the case, resulting in many very small villages.^[7] If a village grows to 5,000 residents, it is automatically designated as a city. Cities or villages may be within township areas; however, if a city or village becomes coterminous with a township, the township ceases to exist as a separate government.^[8]

Oklahoma [modificare]

In Oklahoma, unincorporated communities are called villages and are not counted as governments.

Oregon [modificare]

Articol principal: Village (Oregon).

In Oregon, one county — Clackamas County — permits the organization of unincorporated areas into villages and hamlets. The boards of such entities are advisory to the county.^[9]

Pennsylvania [modificare]

In Pennsylvania, villages are unincorporated areas within townships. Villages are oftentimes census-designated places. The largest village in Pennsylvania is Upper Darby.

Texas [modificare]

In Texas, villages may be Type B or Type C municipalities, but not Type A municipalities. The types differ in terms of population and in terms of the forms of government that they may adopt.

Vermont [modificare]

Articol principal: Village (Vermont).

In Vermont, villages are named communities located within the boundaries of a legally established town. Villages may be incorporated or unincorporated.

Washington [modificare]

In Washington state, there is no legal definition of a village. Local municipalities are classified as first-class cities, second-class cities, and towns (also called fourth-class cities), with successively fewer governing powers, based on population at the time of incorporation. Colloquially, some areas are called villages, such as the Town of Beaux Arts Village.

West Virginia -- Virginia de Vest [modificare]

În statul West Virginia (în română Virginia de Vest), târgurile (în engleză towns) și satele (în engleză villages) sunt municipalități de clasa a IV-a (în engleză Class IV municipalities), având maximum 2.000 de locuitori.

Wisconsin [modificare]

Articol principal: Political subdivisions of Wisconsin.

În statul Wisconsin, orașele (în engleză cities) și satele (în engleză villages) se găsesc în afara suprafeței oricărora din districtele civile (în engleză civil township). Ca atare, densitatea populației acestor entități locuite diferă din cauza variației suprafeței care este folosită în calcularea acestui parametru.

Vedeți și [modificare]

Alte legături interne [modificare]

Referințe [modificare]

^ ^a ^b Joseph S. Wood (2002), The New England Village, Johns Hopkins University Press
^ 2002 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions (PDF)
^ „Article 10 - Local Government”. Alaska Constitution. Juneau: Office of the Alaska Lieutenant Governor. 1956. http://ltgov.alaska.gov/treadwell/services/alaska-constitution/article-x-96-local-government.html. Accesat la 25 octombrie 2011.
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Michigan#Villages | Administrative divisions of Michigan
^ Minnesota Statutes 412.016
^ „Ohio Revised Code Section 703.01(A)”. http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01. Accesat la 12 septembrie 2007.
^ „Ohio Revised Code Section 707.02(C)”. http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/707.02. Accesat la 12 septembrie 2007.
^ „Ohio Revised Code Section 703.22”. http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.22. Accesat la 12 septembrie 2007.
^ Quick Facts About Hamlets & Villages (from the Web site of Clackamas County, Oregon)

[Wood2002-1] Joseph S. Wood (2002), The New England Village, Johns Hopkins University Press

[2] 2002 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions (PDF)

[3] „Article 10 - Local Government”. Alaska Constitution. Juneau: Office of the Alaska Lieutenant Governor. 1956. http://ltgov.alaska.gov/treadwell/services/alaska-constitution/article-x-96-local-government.html. Accesat la 25 octombrie 2011.

[4] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Michigan#Villages | Administrative divisions of Michigan

[5] Minnesota Statutes 412.016

[6] „Ohio Revised Code Section 703.01(A)”. http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01. Accesat la 12 septembrie 2007.

[7] „Ohio Revised Code Section 707.02(C)”. http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/707.02. Accesat la 12 septembrie 2007.

[8] „Ohio Revised Code Section 703.22”. http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.22. Accesat la 12 septembrie 2007.

[9] Quick Facts About Hamlets & Villages (from the Web site of Clackamas County, Oregon)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]