Noua Anglie

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New England
Noua Anglie

Istoria politică a Noii Anglii
Crearea (charter) ca Plymouth Council for New England	1620-11-03[1].
Formarea a United Colonies of New England	1643
Formarea a Dominion of New England	1686
New York este formal încorporat în Dominion of New England	1688-08-11[2]
Ca un rezultat al Glorioasei Revoluţii (Glorious Revolution), bostonienii au încarcerat guvernatorul regal şi alţii, loiali regelui Regelui James II, sfârşind de facto existenţa Dominionului Noii Anglii.	1689-04-18[3][4]
Statistici regionale
Cele mai mari oraşe	Boston
U.S. States	Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont
Area  - Total	71,991.8 mi² (186,458.8 km²)
Population  - Total (2006)  - Density	14,269,989[5] 198.2 people/mi² (87.7 people/km²)

Noua Anglie, în engleză în original New England, este o regiune a Statelor Unite ale Americii care se găseşte în partea nord-estică a ţării constând din statele de astăzi Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island şi Connecticut. ^[6]

Grupul de englezi cunoscuţi în istoria Statelor Unite ca Pelegrinii, conform originalului [The] Pilgrims, care au ales calea exilului în Lumea Nouă pentru a scăpa de persecuţiile religioase din ţara-mamă, au fondat colonia Plymouth în 1620. La sfârşitul secolului al 18-lea, coloniile Noii Anglii au fost printre primele colonii britanice din America de Nord care au dorit independenţa faţă Coroana britanică, deşi ulterior au adoptat o poziţie diferită în Războilu din 1812 dintre Statele Unite şi Regatul Marii Britanii.

În secolele al al 18-lea şi al 19-lea, Noua Anglie a fost locul de naştere al literaturii precum şi al filozofiei americane, respectiv gazda începuturilor educaţiei din Statele Unite. Ulterior, a jucat un rol major în mişcarea de abolire a sclaviei, respectiv a devenit prima regiune a ţării care urma să fie transformată de Revoluţia industrială nord-americană. ^[7]

Cuprins 1 Istorie 1.1 The Virginia Companies 1.2 Plymouth Council pentru New England 1.3 Confederaţia Noua Anglie -- New England Confederation 1.4 Dominionul Noii Anglii -- Dominion of New England 1.5 Regiune distinctă a Statelor Unite 2 Geografie şi climat 3 Populaţie 3.1 Sudul Noii Anglii 3.2 Noua Anglie costală 3.3 Noua Anglie urbană 4 Economie 5 Politică 5.1 Noua Anglie şi gândirea politică 5.2 Politică contemporană 5.3 Guvernare 5.3.1 Ansamble orăşeneşti 5.3.2 Legi notabile 6 Educaţie 6.1 Colegii şi universităţi 6.2 Şcoli secundare private şi independente 6.3 Educaţie publică 6.4 Jurnale şi presă academică 7 Sănătate 8 Cultură 8.1 Rădăcini culturale 8.2 Activităţi sociale şi muzică 8.3 Mijloace mass media 8.4 Literatură 8.5 Sport 9 Locuri notabile 9.1 Recreational 10 Vedeţi şi 11 Note 12 Referinţe 13 Legături externe

[modifică] Istorie

[modifică] The Virginia Companies

Acest articol este scris parţial sau integral în limba engleză. Puteţi contribui la Wikipedia prin traducerea lui. Părţile scrise în alte limbi pot fi şterse dacă în termen de 7 zile nu se înregistrează progrese notabile în procesul de traducere.

Contemporaneously, the Popham Colony was planted by the Virginia Company of Plymouth. Unlike the Jamestown Settlement, it was not initially successful, and was abandoned after one year, though would later be revived. The Virginia Company of Plymouth's charter included land extending as far as present-day northern Maine.^[8] Captain John Smith, exploring the shores of the region in 1614, named the region "New England"^[9] in his account of two voyages there, published as A Description of New England.

[modifică] Plymouth Council pentru New England

The name "New England" was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint stock company established to colonize and govern the region.^[10] Shortly afterwards, in December 1620, a permanent settlement was established at present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts by the Pilgrims, English religious separatists arriving via Holland. The Massachusetts Bay Colony, which would come to dominate the area, was established in 1628 with its major city of Boston established in 1630.

Banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams led a group south, and founded Providence, Rhode Island in 1636. On March 3 of the same year, the Connecticut Colony was granted a charter, and established its own government. At this time, Vermont was yet unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were governed by Massachusetts.

[modifică] Confederaţia Noua Anglie -- New England Confederation

The first coins struck in the Colonies, prompted by a shortage of change, were the New England coins produced by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The first series was a simple design including "NE" on the obverse and the various denominations on the reverse. Other series included the "Willow," "Oak," and "Pine Tree." The "Pine Tree" coinage was the last type in the series, struck by coiner John Hull. Although the majority were dated 1652, it is generally acknowledged that production spanned about thirty years, despite the disapproval of King Charles II.^[11]

[modifică] Dominionul Noii Anglii -- Dominion of New England

[modifică] Regiune distinctă a Statelor Unite

The colonies were now formally united as newly-formed states in a larger (but not yet federalist) union United States of America.

New England was also an early center of the industrial revolution. Towns like Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts became famed as centers of the textile industry.

Vezi şi

[modifică] Geografie şi climat

The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km (407 mi), emptying into the Long Island Sound. Lake Champlain, wedged between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region, followed by Moosehead Lake (Maine), Lake Winnipesaukee (New Hampshire), Quabbin Reservoir (Massachusetts), and Candlewood Lake (Connecticut).

[modifică] Populaţie

In 2000, the total population of New England was 13,922,517, roughly twice its 1910 population of 6,552,681.^[12] If New England were one state, its population would rank 5th in the nation, behind Florida. Its land area, at 62,808.96 sq mi (162,672.45 km²), would rank 21st, behind Washington and ahead of Georgia. The region's average population density is 221.66 inhabitants/sq mi (85.59/km²), although a great disparity exists between its northern and southern portions, as noted below. It is much greater than that of the United States as a whole (79.56/sq mi) or even just the contiguous 48 states (94.48/sq mi).

[modifică] Sudul Noii Anglii

Three quarters of New England's population and most of its major cities are concentrated in its three southernmost states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Their combined population density is 786.83/sq mi, compared to northern New England's 63.56/sq mi (2000 census). The most populous state is Massachusetts, and the most populous city is Massachusetts' political and cultural capital, Boston. Western Massachusetts and Northwestern Connecticut are less densely populated than the rest of Southern New England.

[modifică] Noua Anglie costală

The coastline is more urban than western New England, which is typically rural, even in urban states like Massachusetts. This characteristic of the region's population is due mainly to historical factors; the original colonists settled mostly on the coastline of Massachusetts Bay. The only New England state without access to the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont, is also the least populated. After nearly 400 years, the region still maintains, for the most part, its historical population layout.

New England's coast is dotted with urban centers, such as Portland, Portsmouth, Boston, New Bedford, Fall River, Newport, Providence, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford as well as smaller cities, like Newburyport, Gloucester, Biddeford, Bath, Rockland, and New London.

[modifică] Noua Anglie urbană

Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The region includes three of the four most densely populated states in the United States; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.

The Boston metropolitan area, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.4 million.^[13] The most populous cities are as of 2000 Census(2006 estimates in parenthesis):^[14]

1. Boston, Massachusetts: 589,141^[15] (590,763)
2. Providence, Rhode Island: 173,618 (175,255)
3. Worcester, Massachusetts: 172,648 (175,454)
4. Springfield, Massachusetts: 152,082 (151,176)
5. Bridgeport, Connecticut: 139,529 (137,912)
6. Hartford, Connecticut: 124,558 (124,512)
7. New Haven, Connecticut: 123,626 (124,001)
8. Stamford, Connecticut: 117,083 (119,261)
9. Waterbury, Connecticut: 107,271 (107,251)
10. Manchester, New Hampshire: 107,006 (109,497)
11. Lowell, Massachusetts: 105,167 (103,229)
12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 101,355 (101,365)

During the 20th century, urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut, parts of which belong to the New York Metropolitan Area. The US Census Bureau groups Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut together with New York City, and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area.^[16]

[modifică] Economie

[modifică] Politică

[modifică] Noua Anglie şi gândirea politică

Henry David Thoreau, iconic New England writer and philosopher, made the case for civil disobedience and individualism, and has been adopted by the anarchist tradition. Benjamin Tucker, of Massachusetts, was a proponent of individualist anarchism. A modern example of this individualist spirit is the Free State Project in New Hampshire, and The Second Vermont Republic in Vermont.

Eight presidents of the United States have been born in New England, however only five are usually affiliated with the area. They are, in chronological order: John Adams (Massachusetts), John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts), Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire), Chester A. Arthur (born in Vermont, affiliated with New York), Calvin Coolidge (born in Vermont, affiliated with Massachusetts), John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts), George H. W. Bush (born in Massachusetts, affiliated with Texas) and George W. Bush (born in Connecticut, affiliated with Texas).

Ten of the Speakers of the United States House of Representatives have been elected from New England. They are, in chronological order: Theodore Sedgwick (5th Speaker, Massachusetts), Joseph Bradley Varnum (7th Speaker, Massachuetts), Robert Charles Winthrop (22nd Speaker, Massachusetts), Nathaniel Prentice Banks (25th Speaker, Massachusetts), James G. Blaine (31st Speaker, Maine), Thomas Brackett Reed (36th and 38th, Maine), Frederick Gillett (42nd, Massachusetts), Joseph William Martin, Jr. (49th and 51st, Massachusetts), John McCormack (53rd, Massachusetts) and Tip O'Neill (55th, Massachusetts).

[modifică] Politică contemporană

[modifică] Guvernare

[modifică] Ansamble orăşeneşti

[modifică] Legi notabile

[modifică] Educaţie

[modifică] Colegii şi universităţi

New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States. The first such institution, subsequently named Harvard College, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers, in 1636. Yale University was founded in New Haven, Connecticut in 1701, and awarded the nation's first graduate (Ph.D.) degree in 1861. Brown University, the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations and third-oldest institution of higher learning, was founded in Providence, Rhode Island in 1764. Dartmouth College was founded five years later in Hanover, New Hampshire with the mission of educating the local American Indian population as well as English youth.

In addition to four out of eight Ivy League schools, New England also contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), four of the original seven sisters are in New England, the bulk of institutions identified as the Little Ivies, and is the home to the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts.

See also: the lists of colleges for each state:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

[modifică] Şcoli secundare private şi independente

At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of prominent American independent schools (also known as private schools). The concept of the elite "New England prep school" (preparatory school) and the "preppy" lifestyle is an iconic part of the region's image.

See the list of private schools for each state:
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.

[modifică] Educaţie publică

[modifică] Jurnale şi presă academică

New England is home to several prominent academic journals and publishing companies, including The New England Journal of Medicine, Harvard University Press, and Yale University Press. Also, many of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication, including MIT, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Maine. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the New England Economic Review.^[17]

[modifică] Sănătate

The six states ranked within the top thirteen "healthiest states" in 2007.^[18] In 2008 they all placed within the top eleven states. New England had the largest proportion of its population covered by health insuranace.^[19]

[modifică] Cultură

Vezi şi

[modifică] Rădăcini culturale

Vezi şi

[modifică] Activităţi sociale şi muzică

[modifică] Mijloace mass media

[modifică] Literatură

Largely on the strength of its local writers, Boston was for some years the center of the U.S. publishing industry, before being overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education, and was the longtime home of literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly. Merriam-Webster is based in Springfield, Massachusetts. Yankee, a magazine for New Englanders, is based in Dublin, New Hampshire.

[modifică] Sport

[modifică] Locuri notabile

New England features many of the oldest cities and towns in the country. The following places are replete with historic buildings, parks, and streetscapes (following the coast from New Haven):

• New Haven, Connecticut
• Hartford, Connecticut
• Providence, Rhode Island
• Newport, Rhode Island
• Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Boston and its surrounding area
• Salem, Massachusetts
• Gloucester, Massachusetts
• Newburyport, Massachusetts
• Portsmouth, New Hampshire
• Portland, Maine

[modifică] Recreational

The Appalachian Mountains run through northern New England which make for excellent skiing. Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine are home to various ski resorts.

Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts are popular tourist destinations for their small town charm and beaches. All have restrictive zoning laws to prevent sprawl and overdevelopment.

Acadia National Park, off the coast of Maine, preserves most of Mount Desert Island and includes mountains, an ocean shoreline, woodlands, and lakes.

Additionally, the coastal New England states are home to many oceanfront beaches.

The financial magazine Money, in a 2006 survey entitled "Best Places to Live," ranked several New England towns and cities in the top one hundred. In Connecticut, Fairfield was ranked ninth, while Stamford was ranked forty-sixth. In Maine, Portland ranked eighty-ninth. In Massachusetts, Newton was ranked twenty-second. In New Hampshire, Nashua, a past number one, was ranked eighty-seventh. In Rhode Island, Cranston was ranked seventy-eighth, while Warwick was ranked eighty-third.^[21]

Vezi şi

[modifică] Vedeţi şi

• New France
• New Netherland
• New England Planters
• Extreme points of New England
• Amusement parks in New England
• Beaches of New England
• Boston accent
• New England town
• Yankee
• Swamp Yankee
• Mammals of New England
• Vegetation of New England

[modifică] Note

[modifică] Referinţe

• Adams, James Truslow. The Founding of New England (1921)
• Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923)
• Adams, James Truslow. New England in the Republic, 1776–1850 (1926)
• Andrews, Charles M. The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths (1919), short survey.
• Axtell, James, ed. The American People in Colonial New England (1973), new social history
• Black, John D. The rural economy of New England: a regional study (1950
• Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. Conquest of New England by the Immigrant (1926).
• Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001)
• Dwight, Timothy. Travels Through New England and New York (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) Online at: vol 1; vol 2; vol 3; vol 4
• Hall, Donald, foreword, Feintuch, Burt and Watters, David H., editors, Encyclopedia of New England (2005)
• Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (1998)
• Lilly, Lamberth. History of New England (1847)
• Lockridge, Kenneth A. A New England Town: The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736 (1985), new social history
• McPhetres, S. A. A political manual for the campaign of 1868, for use in the New England states, containing the population and latest election returns of every town (1868)
• Palfrey, John Gorham. History of New England (5 vol 1859–90)
• Zimmerman, Joseph F. The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action (1999)
• NEW YORK: Atlas of Historical County Boundaries; John H. Long, Editor; Compiled by Kathryn Ford Thorne; A Project of the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for Family and Community History; The new Berry Library; Simon & Schuster; 1993.
• Contributors: U.S. Census Bureau. "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"PDF (1.06 MB). Retrieved May 11, 2005
• The Washington Post, Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage
• The Guardian, Movers and Shakers

[modifică] Legături externe

• Political
  • New England Governors Conference
  • New England Confederation Alliance
• Historic
  • New England Articles of Confederation
  • Charter of New England
  • Historic First Parish Cemetery and Old Burial Yard
• Maps
  • Historic USGS Maps of New England & NY
  • Map of New England. From the 1871 Atlas of Massachusetts by Walling and Gray. Click on image to get VERY large image.
• Miscellaneous
  • Flag of New England
  • New England Music Archive
  • National Network of Libraries of Medicine - New England Region
  • Hartford-Springfield Economic Partnership

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