Primul Imperiu Mexican

Mexic

Imperio Mexicano

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1821 – 1823

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Drapel	Stemă

Deviză națională

Independencia, Unión, Religion
" Indepedență, Unire, Religie"

Imn național

imn național

Harta Primului Imperiu Mexican

Limbă

Guvernare

monarhie constituțională

- 1822-1823

- 1821-1823

- 1822-1823

José Manuel de Herrera

Legislativ

Congresul Uniunii

Istorie

Indepedența Mexicului

1821

Abdicarea lui Agustín I al Mexicului

Economie

În prezent parte din

Imperiul Mexican (în spaniolă Imperio Mexicano) a fost o monarhie, primul stat indepedent post-colonial în Mexic. A fost singura fostă colonie a Imperiului spaniol care a instituit o monarhie după independență. Împreună cu Imperiul Brazilian și cele două imperii haitiene, acesta a fost unul dintre cele patru imperii de stil european din Americi; a durat doi ani înainte să treacă la forma de republică federală.

A existat de la semnarea Tratatului de la Córdoba și Declarația de Indepedență a Imperiului Mexican în septembrie 1821 până la abdicarea împăratului în martie 1823 când Guvernul Provizoriu a preluat puterea iar Prima Republică Mexicană a fost proclamată în 1824. Monarhul statului a fost Agustín de Iturbide, a domnit ca Împăratul Agustín I al Mexicului.^[1]

Crearea[modificare | modificare sursă]

Diferitele facțiuni pro-indepedență din Mexicul revoluționar s-au îmbinat în jurul a trei principii sau „garanții” pentru independența mexicană față de Spania : acela că Mexicul trebuie să fie o monarhie constituțională indepedentă condusă de un principe conservator european;că americanii, adică toți acei de origine mexicană (indiferent de categoria rasială anterioară), iar cei născuți în zonă, s-ar bucura de acum încolo de drepturi și privilegii egale; și că Biserica Romano-Catolică își va păstra privilegiile și poziția ca religie oficială și exclusivă a țării.^[2]

Aceste trei garanții formate de nucleul Planului de la Iguala, modelul revoluționar care, combinând ținta independenței și o constituție cu păstrarea monarhiei catolice, a reunit toate facțiunile mexicane. În cadrul Planului Iguala din 24 februarie 1821, la care s-au înscris majoritatea provinciilor, Congresul mexican a înființat un consiliu de regență, condus de Iturbide.^[3]

După semnarea Declarației de Indepedență a Imperiului Mexican din 28 Septembrie 1821, Congresul mexican a încercat să înființeze un commonwealth, prin care Regele Fernando al-VII-lea al Spaniei să fie Împăratul Mexicului, și ambele țări ar fi guvernate de legi separate și ar forma organe legislative separate.

Dacă regele avea o poziție contrară, legea prevedea ca un alt membru al Casei Bourbon să adere la tronul mexican. Totuși, obiectivul a fost doar o tactică politică pentru a calma pe ultimii regaliști și era de așteptat independența deplină.Regele Ferdinand a refuzat însă să recunoască independența Mexicului și a spus că Spania nu va permite niciunui alt prinț european să ia tronul Mexicului.^[4]

Steagul Regenței Imperiale

Decretul[modificare | modificare sursă]

Suveranul Congress Mexican decretează la 22 iunie 1822 următoarele :

Articolul 1- Monarhia Mexicană, pe lângă faptul că este moderată și constituțională, este și ereditară.
Articolul 2- În consecință, Națiunea numește succesiunea Coroanei pentru moartea actualului împărat, primul său fiu Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide. Constituția Imperiului va decide ordinea succesiunii tronului.
Articolul 3- Prințul coroanei va fi numit „Prinț Imperial” și va avea tratamentul Alteței Imperiale.
Articolul 4- Fiii și fiicele legitime ale alteței sale vor fi numiți „Prinți mexicani” și vor avea tratamentul Alteței.
Articolul 5- Don José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí, Părintele H.I.M., este decorat cu titlul de „Prinț al Uniunii” și v-a beneficia de tratamentul Alteței, în timpul vieții sale.

Declarația de Independență, 1821

Articolul 6- De asemenea, i se acordă titlul de „Prințesa lui Iturbide” și tratamentul Alteței, în timpul vieții sale, Doinei María Nicolasa de Iturbide și Arámburo, sora împăratului.^[5]

Iturbide[modificare | modificare sursă]

Generalul Agustín de Iturbide, un Criollo Mexican care a fost un ofițer regalist și care a condus Armata in faza finală a războiului, a fost ales șef al guvernului provizoriu și al regenței care a deținut puterea imperială în timp ce a fost ales monarh. Iturbide a fost extrem de popular după succesul din războiul de indepedență, și în seara de 18 Mai 1822 o mare demonstrație condusă de Regimentul din Celaya,pe care Iturbide la comandat în timpul războiului, a mărșăluit pe străzile din Mexico City și au cerut comandantul armatei să accepte tronul.^[6]

La 19 Mai 1822, Congresul Uniunii l-a numit pe Iturbide împărat. La 21 Mai a emis un decret care să confirme numirea, care a fost oficial o măsură temporară până la găsirea unui monarh european care să conducă Mexicul. Titlul oficial al lui Iturbide a fost : ”Prin Divina Providență ș al Congresului Național, primul împărat constituțional din Mexic” (Spaniolă : Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, Primer Emperador Constitucional de México). Încoronarea s-a ținut pe 22 Iulie 1822 în Mexico City.^[7]

În August 1822 a fost descoperit un complot pentru răsturnarea monarhiei, iar pe 25 august, complotiștii, inclusiv 16 membri ai Congresului, au fost arestați.Întrucât facțiunile din Congres au început să-l critice puternic Iturbide și politicile sale, împăratul a decis la 31 octombrie dizolvarea congresului. Aceasta a condus la răscoale în provinciile țării, cea mai importantă a fost în garnizoana din Veracruz condusă de Antonio López de Santa Anna.Santa Anna și truplele sale s-au revoltat împortriva lui Iturbide, cerând restaurarea Congresului la 1 Decembrie 1822. Santa Anna l-a convins în secret pe Generalul Echávarri, Comandantul forțelor imperiale, să schimbe părțile și să susțină revoluția când era gata să fie proclamată în tot Mexicul. Eroii indepedenței Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo și Guadalupe Victoria curând s-au alăturat, semnând Planul Casa Mata la 1 Febuarie 1823, care cerea restaurarea Congresului.^[8]

Colapsul[modificare | modificare sursă]

Împăratul Augustin I

Planul Casa Mata, pe care alți generali Mexicani, guvernatori, și mari oficiali guvernamentali l-au semnat curând, nu au recunoscut Primul Imperiu Mexican și au cerut convocarea unui nou Congres.Insurecționiștii au trimis această propunere la guvernele provinciale și au cerut aderarea la acest plan. În decursul a șașe săptămâni, Planul Casa Mata a ajuns în teritorii îndepărtate ca Texas, iar majoritatea provinciilor au sprijinit planul. Fiecare guvern provincial care a acceptat planul și-a retras fidelitatea de la guvernul imperial și și-a asumat suveranitatea în propria provincie.Asta l-a lăsat pe Împăratul Agustín I izolat cu un mic suport în afara Mexico City și câteva facțiuni ale armatei imperiale.În consecință, a restaurat Congresul pe care îl desființase anterior, a abdicat de la tron și a fugit din țară la 19 martie 1823. Santa Anna și ceilalți susținători ai Planului Casa Mata au continuat să supravegheze redactarea unei noi constituții și instituirea Primei Republici Mexicane în anul următor.^[9]

Teritoriul[modificare | modificare sursă]

Teritoriul Imperiului Mexican corespundea cu granițele Viceregatului Noii Spanii, excluzând teritoriile Cubei, Santo Domingo și Filipine.^[10]Sub Primul Imperiu, Mexicul a ajuns la cea mai mare întindere teritorială din istoria sa, ajungând din nordul Californiei până la provinciile din America Centrală (exluzând Panama, ea a făcut parte din Gran Columbia) care inițial nu aprobase să devină parte a Imperiului Mexic, ci s-a alăturat Imperiului la scurt timp după independența lor.

După abdicarea Împăratului, la 29 Martie Generalul mexican Vicente Filisola, a solicitat convocarea unui nou Congres din America Centrală, iar la 1 iulie 1823 provinciile din America Centrală au format Republica Federală America Centrală, doar provincia Chiapas a ales să rămână o parte a Mexicului ca stat. Evoluția teritorială ulterioară a Mexicului în următoarele câteva decenii (în principal cedările către Statele Unite) ar reduce în cele din urmă Mexicul la mai puțin de jumătate.^[11]

Harta Primului Imperiu Mexican 1821

Note[modificare | modificare sursă]

^ The Mexican Empire (Spanish: Imperio Mexicano, pronounced [ĩmˈpeɾjo mexiˈkano] (listen)) was a monarchy, and the first independent post-colonial imperial state in Mexico. It was the only former colony of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after independence. Together with the Brazilian Empire and the two Haitian Empires, it was one of four European-style empires in the Americas; it lasted two years before transitioning into a federal republic. It existed from the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in September 1821 until the emperor's abdication in March 1823 when the Provisional Government took power and the First Mexican Republic was proclaimed in 1824. The monarch of the state was Agustín de Iturbide, reigning as Emperor Agustín I of Mexico.
^ The various independentist factions in revolutionary Mexico coalesced around three principles, or "guarantees," for Mexican independence from Spain: that Mexico would be an independent constitutional monarchy governed by a conservative European prince; that Americanos, that is all those Mexican-born (regardless of previous racial category), and those peninsular-born would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges; and that the Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges and position as the official and exclusive religion of the land.
^ These Three Guarantees formed the core of the Plan of Iguala, the revolutionary blueprint which, by combining the goal of independence and a constitution with the preservation of Catholic monarchy, brought together all Mexican factions. Under the 24 February 1821 Plan of Iguala, to which most of the provinces subscribed, the Mexican Congress established a regency council which was headed by Iturbide.
^ After signing the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire of 28 September 1821, the Mexican Congress intended to establish a commonwealth, whereby King Fernando VII of Spain would also be Emperor of Mexico, and both countries would be governed by separate laws and form separate legislative bodies. If the king refused the position, the law provided for another member of the House of Bourbon to accede to the Mexican throne. However, the goal was merely a political tactic to appease the last royalists, and full independence was expected. King Ferdinand, however, refused to recognize Mexico's independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico.
^ Article #1- The Mexican Monarchy, in addition to being moderate and Constitutional, is also hereditary. Article #2- Consequently, the Nation calls the succession of the Crown for the death of the current Emperor, his firstborn son Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide. The Constitution of the Empire will decide the order of succession of the throne. Article #3- The crown prince will be called "Prince Imperial" and will have the treatment of Imperial Highness. Art #4- The legitimate sons and daughters of H.I.M. will be called "Mexican Princes", and will have the treatment of Highness. Article #5- Don José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí, Father of H.I.M., is decorated with the title of "Prince of the Union" and the treatment of Highness, during his life. Article #6. It is also granted the title of "Princess of Iturbide" and the treatment of Highness, during his life, to Doña María Nicolasa de Iturbide y Arámburo, sister of the Emperor.
^ General Agustín de Iturbide, a Mexican criollo who had been a royalist officer and who had led the Army of the Three Guarantees in the final phases of the war, was elected head of the provisional government and of the regency which held the imperial power while a monarch was chosen. Iturbide was extremely popular after his successes in the war of independence, and in the evening of 18 May 1822 a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the war, marched through the streets of Mexico City and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne himself.
^ On 19 May 1822, Mexican Congress named Iturbide as a constitutional emperor. On 21 May it issued a decree confirming this appointment, which was officially a temporary measure until a European monarch could be found to rule Mexico. Iturbide's official title was, "By Divine Providence and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico" (Spanish: Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, Primer Emperador Constitucional de México). His coronation took place on 21 July 1822 in Mexico City.
^ In August 1822 a plot to overthrow the monarchy was discovered and on August 25, plotters, including 16 members of Congress, were arrested. As factions in the Congress began to sharply criticise Iturbide and his policies, the emperor decided on 31 October to dissolve the body. This led to provincial uprisings, the most important of which was in the garrison at Veracruz led by Antonio López de Santa Anna. Santa Anna and his troops revolted against Iturbide, calling for the restoration of the Congress on 1 December 1822. Santa Anna had secretly persuaded General Echávarri, the commander of the Imperial forces, to switch sides and support the revolution when it was ready to be proclaimed throughout Mexico. The independence heroes Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria soon joined, signing the Plan of Casa Mata on February 1, 1823, which called for the restoration of the Congress.
^ The Plan of Casa Mata, which other Mexican generals, governors, and high-ranking governmental officials soon signed, did not recognize the First Mexican Empire and called for the convening of a new Constituent Congress. The insurrectionists sent their proposal to the provincial governments and requested their adherence to the plan. In the course of just six weeks, the Plan of Casa Mata traveled to such remote places as Texas, and almost all the provinces supported the plan. Each provincial government that accepted the plan thereby withdrew its allegiance from the Imperial government and assumed sovereignty within its own province. This left Emperor Agustín I isolated with little support outside of Mexico City and a few factions of the Imperial Army. Consequently, he reinstalled the Congress, which he had previously abolished, abdicated the throne, and fled the country on 19 March 1823. Santa Anna and the other proponents of the Plan of Casa Mata went on to oversee the drafting of a new constitution and the establishment of the First Mexican Republic the following year.
^ The territory of the Mexican Empire corresponded to the borders of Viceroyalty of New Spain, excluding the Captaincies General of Cuba, Santo Domingo and the Philippines.
^ Under the First Empire, Mexico reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from northern California to the provinces of Central America (excluding Panama, which was then part of Colombia), which had not initially approved becoming part of the Mexican Empire but joined the Empire shortly after their independence. After the emperor abdicated, on March 29 the departing Mexican general Vicente Filisola called for a new Central American Congress to convene and on July 1, 1823 the Central American provinces formed the Federal Republic of Central America, with only the province of Chiapas choosing to remain a part of Mexico as a state. Subsequent territorial evolution of Mexico over the next several decades (principally cessions to the United States) would eventually reduce Mexico to less than half its maximum extent.

[1] The Mexican Empire (Spanish: Imperio Mexicano, pronounced [ĩmˈpeɾjo mexiˈkano] (listen)) was a monarchy, and the first independent post-colonial imperial state in Mexico. It was the only former colony of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after independence. Together with the Brazilian Empire and the two Haitian Empires, it was one of four European-style empires in the Americas; it lasted two years before transitioning into a federal republic. It existed from the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in September 1821 until the emperor's abdication in March 1823 when the Provisional Government took power and the First Mexican Republic was proclaimed in 1824. The monarch of the state was Agustín de Iturbide, reigning as Emperor Agustín I of Mexico.

[2] The various independentist factions in revolutionary Mexico coalesced around three principles, or "guarantees," for Mexican independence from Spain: that Mexico would be an independent constitutional monarchy governed by a conservative European prince; that Americanos, that is all those Mexican-born (regardless of previous racial category), and those peninsular-born would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges; and that the Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges and position as the official and exclusive religion of the land.

[3] These Three Guarantees formed the core of the Plan of Iguala, the revolutionary blueprint which, by combining the goal of independence and a constitution with the preservation of Catholic monarchy, brought together all Mexican factions. Under the 24 February 1821 Plan of Iguala, to which most of the provinces subscribed, the Mexican Congress established a regency council which was headed by Iturbide.

[4] After signing the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire of 28 September 1821, the Mexican Congress intended to establish a commonwealth, whereby King Fernando VII of Spain would also be Emperor of Mexico, and both countries would be governed by separate laws and form separate legislative bodies. If the king refused the position, the law provided for another member of the House of Bourbon to accede to the Mexican throne. However, the goal was merely a political tactic to appease the last royalists, and full independence was expected. King Ferdinand, however, refused to recognize Mexico's independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico.

[5] Article #1- The Mexican Monarchy, in addition to being moderate and Constitutional, is also hereditary. Article #2- Consequently, the Nation calls the succession of the Crown for the death of the current Emperor, his firstborn son Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide. The Constitution of the Empire will decide the order of succession of the throne. Article #3- The crown prince will be called "Prince Imperial" and will have the treatment of Imperial Highness. Art #4- The legitimate sons and daughters of H.I.M. will be called "Mexican Princes", and will have the treatment of Highness. Article #5- Don José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí, Father of H.I.M., is decorated with the title of "Prince of the Union" and the treatment of Highness, during his life. Article #6. It is also granted the title of "Princess of Iturbide" and the treatment of Highness, during his life, to Doña María Nicolasa de Iturbide y Arámburo, sister of the Emperor.

[6] General Agustín de Iturbide, a Mexican criollo who had been a royalist officer and who had led the Army of the Three Guarantees in the final phases of the war, was elected head of the provisional government and of the regency which held the imperial power while a monarch was chosen. Iturbide was extremely popular after his successes in the war of independence, and in the evening of 18 May 1822 a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the war, marched through the streets of Mexico City and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne himself.

[7] On 19 May 1822, Mexican Congress named Iturbide as a constitutional emperor. On 21 May it issued a decree confirming this appointment, which was officially a temporary measure until a European monarch could be found to rule Mexico. Iturbide's official title was, "By Divine Providence and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico" (Spanish: Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, Primer Emperador Constitucional de México). His coronation took place on 21 July 1822 in Mexico City.

[8] In August 1822 a plot to overthrow the monarchy was discovered and on August 25, plotters, including 16 members of Congress, were arrested. As factions in the Congress began to sharply criticise Iturbide and his policies, the emperor decided on 31 October to dissolve the body. This led to provincial uprisings, the most important of which was in the garrison at Veracruz led by Antonio López de Santa Anna. Santa Anna and his troops revolted against Iturbide, calling for the restoration of the Congress on 1 December 1822. Santa Anna had secretly persuaded General Echávarri, the commander of the Imperial forces, to switch sides and support the revolution when it was ready to be proclaimed throughout Mexico. The independence heroes Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria soon joined, signing the Plan of Casa Mata on February 1, 1823, which called for the restoration of the Congress.

[9] The Plan of Casa Mata, which other Mexican generals, governors, and high-ranking governmental officials soon signed, did not recognize the First Mexican Empire and called for the convening of a new Constituent Congress. The insurrectionists sent their proposal to the provincial governments and requested their adherence to the plan. In the course of just six weeks, the Plan of Casa Mata traveled to such remote places as Texas, and almost all the provinces supported the plan. Each provincial government that accepted the plan thereby withdrew its allegiance from the Imperial government and assumed sovereignty within its own province. This left Emperor Agustín I isolated with little support outside of Mexico City and a few factions of the Imperial Army. Consequently, he reinstalled the Congress, which he had previously abolished, abdicated the throne, and fled the country on 19 March 1823. Santa Anna and the other proponents of the Plan of Casa Mata went on to oversee the drafting of a new constitution and the establishment of the First Mexican Republic the following year.

[10] The territory of the Mexican Empire corresponded to the borders of Viceroyalty of New Spain, excluding the Captaincies General of Cuba, Santo Domingo and the Philippines.

[11] Under the First Empire, Mexico reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from northern California to the provinces of Central America (excluding Panama, which was then part of Colombia), which had not initially approved becoming part of the Mexican Empire but joined the Empire shortly after their independence. After the emperor abdicated, on March 29 the departing Mexican general Vicente Filisola called for a new Central American Congress to convene and on July 1, 1823 the Central American provinces formed the Federal Republic of Central America, with only the province of Chiapas choosing to remain a part of Mexico as a state. Subsequent territorial evolution of Mexico over the next several decades (principally cessions to the United States) would eventually reduce Mexico to less than half its maximum extent.

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