Vizualizare sursă pentru „Richmond, Virginia”

{{deznotă|orașul Richmond din statul [[Virginia (stat SUA)|Virginia]], [[Statele Unite]]|Richmond}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Richmond, Virginia
|official_name            = City of Richmond
|settlement_type          = Capitala statului
|nickname                 = RVA, The River City,<ref>''City Connection'', Office of the Press Secretary to the Mayor. [http://www.richmondgov.com/PressSecretaryMayor/documents/CityConnection.pdf#page=2 Richmondgov.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930174829/http://www.richmondgov.com/PressSecretaryMayor/documents/CityConnection.pdf#page=2 |date=2011-09-30 }}. January–March 2010 edition. Retrieved 8 februarie 2010.</ref> Fist City,<ref>TOLLET, DRAD. "RVAMag." rvamag.com 20 martie 2013. [http://rvamag.com/about].</ref> Capital of the South<ref>[http://www.virginia.org/Listings/SuggestedItinerary/CivilWarRichmondTheSouthsCapital/ Civil War Richmond – The South's Capital - Virginia Is For Lovers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111050807/http://www.virginia.org/Listings/SuggestedItinerary/CivilWarRichmondTheSouthsCapital/ |date=2016-01-11 }}. Virginia.org (2012-05-18). Retrieved on 2013-08-21.</ref><ref>Griset, Rich. (2013-08-09) [http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/one-of-the-most-extensive-collections-of-eskimo-folk-art-is-right-here-in-richmond/Content?oid=1387075 One of the most extensive collections of Eskimo folk art is right here in Richmond. | Miscellany | Style Weekly - Richmond, VA local news, arts, and events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701060931/http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/one-of-the-most-extensive-collections-of-eskimo-folk-art-is-right-here-in-richmond/Content?oid=1387075 |date=2015-07-01 }}. Style Weekly. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.</ref>
|motto                    = ''Sic Itur Ad Astra'' ("Thus do we reach the stars")
|website                  = [http://www.ci.richmond.va.us/ www.ci.richmond.va.us]
|image_skyline            = Collage of Landmarks in Richmond, Virginia v 1.jpg
|imagesize                = 300px
|image_caption            = Sus: Orizont deasupra râului James; Mijloc: Biserica episcopală Sf. Ioan, cartierul Jackson, Aleea Monumentului; Jos: Sediul guvernului Virginiei, Stația de pe Str. Principală
|image_flag               =
|image_map                = Map of Virginia highlighting Richmond City.svg
|mapsize                  = 250 px
|map_caption              = Location in the Commonwealth of [[Virginia]]
|pushpin_map              = USA
|pushpin_map_caption      = Location in the United States
|coordinates_region       = US-VA
|subdivision_type         = [[Țară]]
|subdivision_type1        = [[Stat al Statelor Unite ale Americii|Stat]]
|subdivision_type2        =
|subdivision_name         = {{flag|Statele Unite}}
|subdivision_name1        = {{flag|Virginia}}
|subdivision_name2        =
|government_type          =
|leader_title             = Primar
|leader_name              = [[Levar Marcus Stoney]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Virginia|VA]])
|established_date         =
|total_type               = Oraș
|area_magnitude           = 1 E8
|area_total_sq_mi           = 62
|area_land_sq_mi            = 60
|area_water_sq_mi          = 2.7
|population_as_of         = 2014
|population_total         = 217.853 (al 98-lea)
|population_metro         = 1.260.029 (al 44-lea)
|population_density_sq_mi = 3,415
|population_demonym       = Richmonder
|timezone                 = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset               = -5
|timezone_DST             = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST           = -4
|postal_code_type         = Coduri ZIP
|postal_code              = 23173, 23218–23242, 23249–23250, 23255, 23260–23261, 23269, 23273–23274, 23276, 23278–23279, 23282, 23284–23286, 23288–23295, 23297–23298, 23221, 23225, 23226, 23227, 23220
|area_code                = [[Area code 804|804]] 
|elevation_ft             = 166.45
|latd = 37 |latm = 32 |latNS = N
|longd = 77 |longm = 28 |longEW = W
|area_total_sq_mi         = 62.5
|area_land_sq_mi          = 60.1
|area_water_sq_mi         = 2.5
|elevation_m              = 45.7
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 51-67000<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref>
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 1499957<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}</ref>
|footnotes                = <div style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:87%;">'''Nomenclature evolution'''</span></div>
Prior to 1071 – [http://www.lion1906.com/departements/seine-maritime/richemont-.pdf Richemont]: a town in Normandy, France.<br />
1071 to 1501 – [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]]: a castle town in Yorkshire, UK.<br />
1501 to 1742 – [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], a palace town in Surrey, UK.<br />
1742 to present – Richmond, Virginia.
}}

'''Richmond''' este [[Capitală|capitala]] [[Stat al SUA|statului]] (în engleză ''Commonwealth'') [[Virginia]] al [[SUA|Statelor Unite ale Americii]]. Ca toate [[Municipiu|municipiile]] statului Virginia, fondate și încorporate ca orașe (''cities''), Richmond este un oraș independent, nefiind parte a vreunui [[comitat]] (spre exemplu [[Comitatul Richmond, Virginia|comitatul Richmond]] nu are nici o legătură cu orașul găsindu-se la aproximativ 85 de kilometri, sau 53 de mile, într-o altă zonă a statului).

Richmond se găsește de-a lungul cursului [[râu]]lui numit [[James River (Virginia)|James River]], în [[Listă a regiunilor Statelor Unite ale Americii#Virginia|regiunea]] Virginiei numită [[Piedmont (SUA)|Piedmont]], fiind în același timp centrul [[Conglomerație urbană|conglomerației urbane]] numită [[Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area]], similară cu alte conglomerații urbane din Statele Unite și [[Canada]], denumite [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]] și abreviate [[MSA]].

Câteva din prescurtările comune ale orașului sunt și următoarele: '''RVA''', '''The [[Prefix telefonic 804, SUA|804]]''' (care reprezintă prefixul său telefonic, în engleză [[area code]]), și '''RIC''' (codul său [[IATA]] pentru aeroportul internațional al orașului).

Este demn de menționat că Richmond a fost, simultan cu a fi capitala statului [[Secesiune|secesionist]] [[Virginia]], capitala republicii federale efemere a [[Statele Confederate ale Americii|Statelor Confederate ale Americii]], stat independent, dar nerecunoscut de nici o țară, care a existat între [[1861]] și [[1865]], în timpul [[Războiul civil american|Războiului Civil American]], care a fost cauzat chiar de secesiunea menționată.

== Istoric ==
{{Articol principal|Istoria orașului Richmond, Virginia, SUA}} 
În [[1607]], regele [[King James I|James I]] a emis un decret regal (în engleză [[British colonization of the Americas|royal charter]]) garantând unei companii private, [[Virginia Company of London]] dreptul de a aranja stabilirea unor coloniști englezi în [[America de Nord]].  La numai zece zile după stabilirea primilor englezi ca locuitori permanenți ai orașului [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], doi căpitani de vase, [[Christopher Newport|Captain Christopher Newport]] și [[John Smith of Jamestown|Captain John Smith]] au pornit o expediție de explorare, călătorind nord-vest în amontele râului numit atunci ''Powhatan's River'', azi cunoscut ca [[James River (Virginia)|James River]], înspre Powhatan Hill.  Prima expediție a constat din 120 de bărbați din Jamestown care au făcut prima încercare de a stabili o așezare pe locul cunoscut azi ca ''Falls of the James'', care se găsește între a ''14-a Stradă a Podului'' (conform originalului, ''the 14th Street Bridge'') din [[downtown]]-ul orașului modern '''Richmond''' și o zonă de agrement cunoscută azi sub numele de ''Pony Pasture''.  Așezarea a fost fondată atunci, datorită navigabilității excelente oferite de structura geografică a locului și, respectiv, de structura malurilor James River.

==Demografie==
{{US Census population
|1790= 3761
|1800= 5737
|1810= 9735
|1820= 12067
|1830= 16060
|1840= 20153
|1850= 27570
|1860= 37910
|1870= 51038
|1880= 63600
|1890= 81388
|1900= 85050
|1910= 127628
|1920= 171667
|1930= 182929
|1940= 193042
|1950= 230310
|1960= 219958
|1970= 249621
|1980= 219214
|1990= 203056
|2000= 197790
|2010= 204214
|estimate= 217853
|estyear= 2014
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2 ianuarie 2014}}</ref><br />1790-1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|accessdate=2 ianuarie 2014|archive-date=2009-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212224028/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/va190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2 ianuarie 2014}}</ref><br />1990-2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2 ianuarie 2014}}</ref><br />[http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml 2014 Estimate]}}

==Autostrăzi majore==
{{div col|3}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|I|64}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|I|95|name1=[[Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike]]}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|I|195}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|I|295}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|US|1}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|US|33}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|US|60}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|US|250}} ([[Broad Street (Richmond, Virginia)|Broad Street]])
*{{Jct|state=VA|US|301}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|US|360}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|5}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|6}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|10}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|33}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|76|name1=[[Powhite Parkway]] toll road}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|146}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|147}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|150|name1=[[Chippenham Parkway]]}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|161}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|197}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|288}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|315}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|318}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|353}}
*{{Jct|state=VA|SR|399}}
{{div col end}}

==Clima==
{{Weather box |imperial first = Y|location = Richmond, Virginia (Richmond International Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1887–present{{efn|Official records for Richmond kept January 1887 to December 1910 at downtown, Chimborazo Park from January 1911 to December 1929, and at Richmond Int'l since January 1930. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org Threadex]}}
|single line = Y
|collapsed   = N
|Jan high F = 47.4
|Feb high F = 51.3
|Mar high F = 60.0
|Apr high F = 70.3
|May high F = 77.9
|Jun high F = 86.1
|Jul high F = 89.7
|Aug high F = 87.6
|Sep high F = 81.2
|Oct high F = 71.0
|Nov high F = 61.4
|Dec high F = 50.7
|year high F= 69.6
|Jan mean F=37.9
|Feb mean F=40.9
|Mar mean F=48.6
|Apr mean F=58.2
|May mean F=66.4
|Jun mean F=75.3
|Jul mean F=79.3
|Aug mean F=77.5
|Sep mean F=70.6
|Oct mean F=59.7
|Nov mean F=50.4
|Dec mean F=41.0
|year mean F=58.8
|Jan low F = 28.3
|Feb low F = 30.5
|Mar low F = 37.1
|Apr low F = 46.1
|May low F = 55.0
|Jun low F = 64.5
|Jul low F = 68.9
|Aug low F = 67.4
|Sep low F = 60.1
|Oct low F = 48.3
|Nov low F = 39.4
|Dec low F = 31.4
|year low F= 48.1
|Jan record high F =  81
|Feb record high F =  83
|Mar record high F =  94
|Apr record high F =  96
|May record high F = 100
|Jun record high F = 104
|Jul record high F = 105
|Aug record high F = 107
|Sep record high F = 103
|Oct record high F =  99
|Nov record high F =  86
|Dec record high F =  81
|year record high F= 107
|Jan record low F = −12
|Feb record low F = −10
|Mar record low F =  10
|Apr record low F =  19
|May record low F =  31
|Jun record low F =  40
|Jul record low F =  51
|Aug record low F =  46
|Sep record low F =  35
|Oct record low F =  21
|Nov record low F =  10
|Dec record low F =  −2
|year record low F= −12
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 3.04
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.76
|Mar precipitation inch = 4.04
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.27
|May precipitation inch = 3.78
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.93
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.51
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.66
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.13
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.98
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.24
|Dec precipitation inch = 3.26
|year precipitation inch=43.60
|Jan snow inch = 3.9
|Feb snow inch = 3.4
|Mar snow inch = 0.6
|Apr snow inch = 0.1
|May snow inch = 0
|Jun snow inch = 0
|Jul snow inch = 0
|Aug snow inch = 0
|Sep snow inch = 0
|Oct snow inch = 0
|Nov snow inch = 0.2
|Dec snow inch = 2.1
|year snow inch=10.3
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days =  9.7
|Feb precipitation days =  8.9
|Mar precipitation days = 10.3
|Apr precipitation days = 10.0
|May precipitation days = 10.8
|Jun precipitation days = 10.0
|Jul precipitation days = 11.4
|Aug precipitation days =  9.1 
|Sep precipitation days =  8.4
|Oct precipitation days =  7.4
|Nov precipitation days =  8.3
|Dec precipitation days =  9.7
|year precipitation days=114.0
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 1.9
|Feb snow days = 1.9
|Mar snow days = 0.8
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0.2
|Dec snow days = 1.2
|year snow days =6.1
|Jan sun = 172.5 |Jan percentsun = 56
|Feb sun = 179.7 |Feb percentsun = 59
|Mar sun = 233.3 |Mar percentsun = 63
|Apr sun = 261.6 |Apr percentsun = 66
|May sun = 288.0 |May percentsun = 65
|Jun sun = 306.4 |Jun percentsun = 69
|Jul sun = 301.4 |Jul percentsun = 67
|Aug sun = 278.9 |Aug percentsun = 66
|Sep sun = 237.9 |Sep percentsun = 64
|Oct sun = 222.8 |Oct percentsun = 64
|Nov sun = 183.5 |Nov percentsun = 60
|Dec sun = 163.0 |Dec percentsun = 55
|year percentsun = 64
|Jan humidity = 67.9
|Feb humidity = 65.6
|Mar humidity = 63.0
|Apr humidity = 60.8
|May humidity = 69.5
|Jun humidity = 72.2
|Jul humidity = 74.8
|Aug humidity = 77.2
|Sep humidity = 77.0
|Oct humidity = 73.8
|Nov humidity = 69.1
|Dec humidity = 68.9
|year humidity =70.0
|source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity and sunshine hours 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA >{{cite web
  |url = http://mi.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=akq
  |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data
  |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
  |accessdate = 2011-12-20
  |archive-date = 2013-05-22
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522224327/http://mi.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=akq
  |dead-url = yes
  }}</ref><ref name="NOAA txt">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00013740.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station Name: VA RICHMOND INTL AP |deadurl=no |accessdate=2014-03-13}}</ref><ref name=noaasun>
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72401.TXT
| title = WMO Climate Normals for Richmond/Byrd, VA 1961–1990
| accessdate = 31 octombrie 2013
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
}}</ref>
|date=December 2011
}}

==Orașe înfrățite==
Richmond este înfrățit cu șase orașe:<ref>Sister Cities information obtained from the [http://www.richmondgov.com/content/CommissionSisterCities/index.aspx Richmond Government Website  Retrieved on 9 mai 2014.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000743/http://www.richmondgov.com/content/CommissionSisterCities/index.aspx |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

{{Div col}} 
* {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Richmond, London|Richmond-upon-Thames]] ([[Regatul Unit]])
* {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]] ([[Japonia]])
* {{Flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]] ([[Namibia]])
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Zhengzhou]] ([[China]])
* {{Flagicon|MLI}} [[Ségou]] ([[Mali]])
* {{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Uijeongbu]] ([[Coreea de Sud]])
 {{Div col end}}

==Note==
{{notelist}}

== Referințe ==
<references />

==Bibliografie==
* {{cite book| last=Dabney | first=Virginius | authorlink= Virginius Dabney| title=Richmond: The Story of a City| year=1990 | edition= revised and expanded |isbn=0813912741| location=[[Charlottesville]] | publisher= [[University Press of Virginia]]}}
*  Lankford, Nelson. ''Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital'' (2002) 
* Latimore, Carey H., IV, "A Step Closer to Slavery? Free African Americans, Industrialization, Social Control, and Residency in Richmond City, 1850–1860", ''Slavery and Abolition'' 33 (March 2012), 119–37.
* Wright, Mike. ''City Under Siege: Richmond in the Civil War'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1995)

== Legături externe ==
{{sisterlinks|Richmond, Virginia}}
* {{official website|http://www.richmondgov.com/}}
* [http://www.grcc.com/ Greater Richmond Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.visitrichmondva.com/ Richmond Metropolitan Convention & Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/richmond/index.html Richmond, Virginia], a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' travel itinerary
* {{en icon}}[http://www.ci.richmond.va.us/ Official Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308143618/http://www.ci.richmond.va.us/ |date=2007-03-08 }}
* {{en icon}}[http://www.richmondcenter.com/ Greater Richmond Convention Center]
* {{en icon}}[http://www.grcc.com/ Richmond Chamber of Commerce]
* {{en icon}}[http://www.ci.richmond.va.us/forms/Census.aspx very detailed demographic information on Richmond from the 2000 US Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201631/http://www.ci.richmond.va.us/forms/Census.aspx |date=2007-09-27 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Richmond, Virginia
|North     = [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County]]
|Northeast =
|East      = [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County]]
|Southeast =
|South     = [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield County]]
|Southwest =
|West      = [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Orașe independente VA SUA}}
{{Subiecte VA SUA}}
{{Subiecte SCA}}
{{Capitale state SUA}} 
{{Virginia stat SUA}}
{{Sediile comitatelor din Virginia}}
{{Control de autoritate}}

[[Categorie:Fondări în 1607]]
[[Categorie:Richmond, Virginia| ]]
[[Categorie:Comitatul Henrico, Virginia|!]]
[[Categorie:Capitalele statelor din Statele Unite ale Americii|Richmond]]
[[Categorie:Localități riverane fluviului James (Virginia)]]
[[Categorie:Orașe din Virginia]]
[[Categorie:Orașe universitare din Statele Unite ale Americii]]
[[Categorie:Virginia|!]]
[[Categorie:Sedii de comitate din Virginia]]
[[Categorie:Sediile comitatelor din Statele Unite ale Americii]]