Roamata/Unirea Transilvaniei cu România

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The National Assembly in Alba Iulia (December 1, 1918)

Unirea Transilvaniei cu România a fost declarată pe 1 decembrie 1918.

Ziua Unirii, care a avut loc pe 1 decembrie, este ziua naţională a României. Celebrează adunarea reprezentanţilor românilor, ţinută la Alba Iulia, când s-a declarat Unirea Transilvaniei cu Romania.

Această sărbătoare a fost stabilită după Revoluţia română din 1989 şi marchează unirea Transilvaniei, dar şi a provinciilor Basarabia şi Bucovina cu Regatul României în 1918.

Înainte de 1918 sărbătoarea naţională a României era data de 10 mai, care are o dublă însemnătate: este data pe care Carol I al României a păşit pe pământ românesc (în 1866) şi totodată pe 10 mai a fost adoptată Declaraţia de Independenţă (faţă de Imperiul Otoman, în 1877).

În România comunistă, ziua naţională era pe data de 23 august pentru a celebra anul 1944 în care la acea dată România a trecut de partea aliaţilor.

Cuprins

1 Cauze şi evenimente precursoare
2 Adunarea Naţională de la Alba Iulia
3 Consecinţe şi războiul dintre Regatul României şi Republica Sovietică Ungară
4 Organizarea Transilvaniei în cadrul Regatului României
5 Dictatul de la Viena şi Tratatul de pace de la Paris
6 Bibliografie şi legături externe
7 Note

[modifică] Cauze şi evenimente precursoare

Vezi şi: Istoria Transilvaniei, Participarea României la primul război mondial.

1906 - A group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand creates a plan (that never came to pass) of the United States of Greater Austria, which suggests that once the Archduke would become Emperor, the Empire would be reformed into a federation of 15 autonomous states.
1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, in Austrian-administered Bosnia. World War I starts.
17 august 1916 - Romania signs a secret treaty with the Entente Powers (United Kingdom, France, Italy and Rusia), according to which Transilvania, Banat, and Partium would become part of Romania after World War I if the country entered the war. The planned border followed a line some 20-40 kilometres West of the present Hungarian-Romanian border, but joined river Tisza in the South, thus granting the whole of Banat to Romania.
august 1916 Romania attacks Austria-Hungary. The offensive is soon halted by Austrian-Hungarian and German forces. In return, with a combined push from Transilvania and from Bulgaria, the Central Powers occupy Wallachia, including Bucureşti. The Romanian capital temporarily moves to Iaşi.
1916 - Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria dies. Emperor Karl I succeeds him.
decembrie 1916 - The German offensive is stopped along the Mărăşeşti-Galaţi line.
Mai-iulie 1917 - Romanian troops halt a German offensive and push them back to the last trench line, but loose the momentum.
9 decembrie 1917 - Romania sign armistice with Central Powers
Ianuarie 1918 - US President Woodrow Wilson condemns any secret treaties and requests autonomy for the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary.
26 martie–28, 1918 - A Congress of Nationalities of Austria-Hungary takes place in Rome. A motion is passed, demanding the recognition of the right of each nation to constitute into a national state, which would stay independent, or would unite with its already existing national state.
9 aprilie - Basarabia, after a three-month independence from Rusia, proclaims the Union with the Kingdom of Romania. Romanian and some minority deputies (86 in total) vote for, while the majority of the minorities (Ukrainian, Rusian, German, Jewish, Gagauz) representatives (36 in total) abstain. 2 Ukrainian and 1 Bulgarian deputies (3 in total) vote against. The declaration is co-signed by the (pro-German) prime-minister Alexandru Marghiloman for the Romanian government.
18 mai - A Peace Treaty is signed between the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria) and the Kingdom of Romania, to replace the five-month-old armistice. Romania recovers its pre-war territory occupied by the Central Powers in decembrie 1916, except for Dobruja and the mountain regions. The treaty is not ratified by Romania, in the hope that the tide of the war would turn the other way. The Central Powers, in accordance to the treaty, begin to pull out its troops from the occupied Wallachia.
24 august, 1918 - A National Council of Romanian Unity is created in Paris, with Take Ionescu as president, Vasile Lucaciu, Octavian Goga, Dr. Constantin Angelescu and Ioan Theodor Florescu as members. It is recognized as "the exponent of the interests of the Romanian nation of Austria-Hungary" by France (septembrie 29), the United States (octombrie 23), the United Kingdom (octombrie 29), and Italy (noiembrie 9), the four powers of the Entente.
2 septembrie, 1918 - A Congress of Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Romanians, Serbs, Croatians, and Ruthenes of Austria-Hungary takes place in New York City. A resolution demanding the division of the Austria-Hungary and the liberation of its peoples is passed.
12 octombrie, 1918 - The Executive Committee of the National Romanian Party of Austria-Hungary, the major party in Transilvania, takes place in Oradea. A declaration is passed, demanding the creation "in virtue of the national right of every nation to decide its own fate" of a Central National Romanian Council, a provisional governing body for Transilvania. To this end the National Romanian Party forms an Action Committee, seated in Arad, and presided by Vasile Goldiş.
18 octombrie, 1918 - Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, the preeminent Romanian politician in Austria-Hungary, reads the above Declaration of Self-determination in the Parliament of the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary in Budapest.
aceeaşi zi - Emperor Karl I puts forward a "Manifesto to my faithful peoples", about the reorganization of Austria-Hungary into a Federation of six independent states: Austrian, Hungarian, Czech, Yugoslav, Polish, and Ukrainian. The Manifesto fails to achieve its goal, being regarded as a step that comes way too late. National Councils spring up throughout Austria-Hungary, and prefer to negotiate directly with the Entente powers, rather than with the failing Central Government. Britain pours in its diplomacy.
aceeaşi zi - A reply to Emperor Karl I of Habsburg's Manifesto is passed by the Corps of the Transilvanian and Bukovinian Volunteers in the Austrian-Hungarian Army, which calls for a union of the territories inhabited by Romanians with the Kingdom of Romania. Iuliu Maniu, a preeminent Transilvanian politician, gathers in Vienna 70,000 Transilvanian soldiers from the Austrian-Hungarian Army, and takes them to Transilvania.
28 octombrie, 1918 - Cehoslovacia declares its independence.
29 octombrie, 1918 - The southern Slav areas of Austria-Hungary declare the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
31 octombrie, 1918 - A new government, led by Károlyi Mihály, is formed in Budapest, with the democrat Jászi Oszkar as Minister of Nationalities. The Hungarian government terminates its union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian state.
3 noiembrie, 1918 - General Weber, on behalf of Austria-Hungary, signs the armistice treaty in Padua, Italy.
aceeaşi zi - Central National Romanian Council is created from representatives of the National Romanian Party and those of Social-Democrat Party of Transilvania, and takes control over the local authorities in Transilvania. The Hungarians administrative apparatus disintegrates. Károlyi Mihály’s Hungarian government enters negotiations with the Central National Romanian Council.
6 noiembrie - As the Entente's victory on the Western Front seems more and more likely, and as the Army of General Maurice Sarrail from Salonic breaks through the Bulgarian lines on the Balkan Front, the Romanian pro-German government of Alexandru Marghiloman resigns. A new government, with General Constantin Coandă as Prime Minister, is formed. The general mobilization is decreed.
10 noiembrie 1918 - Romania re-declares war on the Central Powers.
11noiembrie, 1918- The Armistice on the Western Front is signed in Compiègne, France.
12 noiembrie, 1918 - The first Romanian troops enter Hungary and occupy the Gyergyótölgyes (Tulghiş) mountain pass accessing the Szekler Land Region.
13 noiembrie, 1918 - Armistice on the Balkan Front is signed in Belgrade, Serbia, between the French General Franchet d'Esperey, chief of the Entente's Oriental Army, and the Hungarian government. Small-scale military action continues for a few days in southern Hungary. The agreement fixes demarcation lines between Hungary, Serbia and Romania, according to which the region of Banat goes under Serbian administration, in spite of the 1916 secret treaty with Bucureşti. Crişana and Maramureş, including the cities of Satu Mare, Oradea, Beiuş, and Arad, as well as the inner Transilvania up to the river Mureş, are left under Hungarian administration. Hungary is required by the Entente Powers to allow Romanian troops to enter the Transilvanian territories East of the demarcation line along Mureş. Hungary is allowed to keep only 8 army divisions. Disarmed troops are returning home.
13 noiembrie–15, 1918 - Negotiations are held in Arad between the Hungarian government of Károlyi Mihály and the Central National Romanian Council (of Transilvania), without reaching any agreement. News about the Belgrade agreement reach the Romanian (Transilvanian) delegation. The Central National Romanian Council retreats from negociations and decides to hold elections and convey for noiembrie 18/decembrie 1 the National Assembly of Romanians from Transilvania and Hungary, and to hand power to the latter.
13 noiembrie–20, 1918 - Romanian troops occupy further major mountain passes on the North-Eastern border of Hungary. They have the intent to occupy up about 1/4 of the territory of Transilvania, as allotted by the noiembrie 13 armistice in Belgrade to pass under its temporary administration. Hungary pulls out troops to comply with the armistice treaty. Isolated armed clashes with the Hungarian military police occur.
noiembrie 1918 - During a 12-day interval, elections are held for the National Assembly of Romanians of Transilvania and Hungary. Its 1,228 members are elected 5 each from the electoral districts established in 1910 (600 members in total), and 628 to represent different social, professional and cultural organizations (clergy, teachers' unions, military). The local enthusiasm gains momentum, as demands such as land reform, universal vote, and possible union with Romania are put forward.
25 noiembrie, 1918 - The Romanian Army occupies Târgu-Mureş, the most important town of Szekler Land, in eastern Transilvania.
28 noiembrie, 1918 - The National Assembly of Székelys in Târgu-Mureş reaffirms their support to the territorial integrity of Hungary.
28 noiembrie, 1918 - The elected 100-member General Congress of Bucovina passes a resolution of unconditional union with the Kingdom of Romania. Romanian (74), German (7) and Polish (6)-speaking deputies vote for, while the 13 Ukrainian deputies leave before the final vote.

[modifică] Adunarea Naţională de la Alba Iulia

The Resolution of the National Assembly

Episcopul Iuliu Hossu dând citire Declaraţiei de la Alba Iulia.

On December 1, 1918 (November 18 Old Style), the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary, consisting of 1,228 elected representatives of the Romanians in Transylvania, Banat, Crişana and Maramureş, convened in Alba Iulia and decreed (by an unanimous vote)

„

the unification of those Romanians and of all the territories inhabited by them with Romania.

”

The Resolution^[1] voted by the National Assembly stipulated also the "principii fundamentale la alcătuirea noului Stat Român":

1. Deplină libertate naţională pentru toate popoarele conlocuitoare. Fiecare popor se va instrui, administra şi judeca în limba sa proprie prin indivizi din sînul său şi fiecare popor va primi drept de reprezentare în corpurile legiuitoare şi la guvernarea ţării în proporţie cu numărul indivizilor ce-l alcătuiesc.

2. Egală îndreptăţire şi deplină libertate autonomă confesională pentru toate confesiunile din Stat.

3. Înfăptuirea desăvîrşită a unui regim curat democratic pe toate terenele vieţii publice. Votul obştesc, direct, egal, secret, pe comune, în mod proporţional, pentru ambele sexe în vîrstă de 21 de ani la reprezentarea în comune, judeţe ori parlament.

4. Desăvîrşită libertate de presă, asociere şi întrunire; liberă propagandă a tuturor gîndurilor omeneşti.

5. Reforma agrară radicală. Se va face conscrierea tuturor proprietăţilor, în special a proprietăţilor mari. In baza acestei conscrieri, desfiinţînd fideicomisele şi, în temeiul dreptului de a micşora după trebuinţă latifundiile, se va da posibilitatea ţăranului să-şi creeze o proprietate (arător, păşune, pădure) cel puţin atît cît să poată munci el şi familia lui. Principiul conducător al acestei politici agrare e, pe de o parte, promovarea nivelării sociale, pe de altă parte potenţarea producţiunii.

6. Muncitorimii industriale i se asigură aceleaşi drepturi şi avantagii, care sînt legiferate în cele mai avansate state industriale din apus.

The union was conditional, and demanded the preservation of a democratic local autonomy, the equality of all nationalities and religions.

The Assembly also formed from 200 of its members, plus 50 co-opted members a High National Romanian Council of Transylvania, the new permanent parliament of Transylvania.

The next day, on December 2, 1918 the High National Romanian Council of Transylvania formed a government under the name of Directory Council of Transylvania (Consiliul Dirigent al Transilvaniei), headed by Iuliu Maniu.

On December 11, 1918, King Ferdinand signed the Law^[2] regarding the Union of Transylvania, Banat, Crişana, the Satmar and Maramureş with the Old Kingdom of Romania, decreeing that

„The lands named in the resolution of the Alba-Iulia National Assembly of the 18th of November 1918 are and remain forever united with the Kingdom of Romania.”

({{{2}}})

[modifică] Consecinţe şi războiul dintre Regatul României şi Republica Sovietică Ungară

7 decembrie, 1918 - The Romanian Army enters Braşov, in southeastern Transylvania.
7 decembrie, 1918 - The Romanian Army crosses the demarcation line set by the Belgrade armistice treaty (Mures river) and is heading towards Turda, with the intention of occupying Cluj, the most important town in Transylvania. Hungary is ordered by the Entente Powers to further pull back troops.
decembrie, 1918 - The Hungarian Government decides to recruit soldiers to be able to resist the advancing Romanian troops but the time is too short. Major towns like Cluj are surrended with no resistence.
12 decembrie, 1918 - Romanian troops enter Sibiu (southern Transylvania).
14 decembrie, 1918 - The Directory Council of Transylvania, elected by ethnic Romanians, sends a delegation headed by Miron Cristea, the Bishop of Caransebeş, to Bucharest to negotiate the details of the union. King Ferdinand I of Romania receives and accepts the Declaration of Union, passed on decembrie 1 by the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary.
15 decembrie, 1918 - A National Assembly of Germans of Transylvania and Banat is held in Mediaş, central Transylvania, and a declaration is passed to support the decision of the Romanians to unite with the Kingdom of Romania.
22 decembrie, 1918 - In response, a Hungarian General Assembly in Cluj (Hungarian: Kolozsvár), central Transylvania, and the most important Hungarian town in Transylvania reaffirms the loyalty of Hungarians from Transylvania to Hungary.
24 decembrie, 1918- As King Ferdinand I of Romania signs the decree sanctioning the union of Bessarabia, of Bukovina, and of Transylvania with Romania, the Hungarian government protests. Negotiations start in Versailles with the four Entente powers, as well as with Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and Russia for the establishment of the new border.
24 decembrie, 1918- Romanian troops enter Cluj.
14 ianuarie, 1919 - Romanian troops reach Baia Mare.
ianuarie, 1919 - Entente powers show open hostility towards the actions of the Romanians, which in turn claim the decisions of the Parliament of Transylvania should have priority over the armistice agreements between France and Hungary.
18 ianuarie, 1919 - The Romanian Army enters Sighetu Marmaţiei.
22 ianuarie, 1919 - Romanian troops stop at a new demarcation line indicated by the Entente powers, leaving Banat under Serbian, and Crişana under Hungarian control.
20 martie, 1919 - French Genaral Vyx, on behalf of the Entente Powers, demands that Hungary give up further territories and accept another demarcation line, more or less according to the situation on the ground at that moment.
21 martie, 1919 - Hungary's Prime Minister Károlyi says in an address to the people that he cannot accept the territorial losses that the Entente powers press on him to accept, and transfers the power to a radical left-wing government, headed by the communist Béla Kun, who in turn proclaims Hungary a Soviet Republic and gives up the passive policy of simply accepting territorial losses dictated by the Entente.
martie 1919 - The Romanian delegation at the Peace Conference in Paris, headed by Prime Minister Ion I.C. Brătianu, asks the Council of the Great Powers to allow Romania to occupy the territory up to the river Tisza (as agreed upon before Romania's entry into the war). The proposal is rejected. South-African General Jan Smuts is sent to Budapest to negotiate with Béla Kun.
aprilie 1919 - As more and more information about the anti-Romanian repression in the Romanian-inhabited areas still under Hungarian control reaches Bucharest, the Romanian Army is ordered to prepare a general offensive for aprilie 16, 1919.
15 aprilie, 1919, evening - Hungarian troops organize a preemptive strike against the Romanian Army in western Transylvania.
16 - 19 aprilie, 1919 - Violent battles take place in the Apuseni Mountains, eventually won by the Romanian troops (five divisions), which brake through the front lines into the Crişana plain.
19 aprilie, 1919 - Following their successful counter-offensive against the Hungarian Soviet Republic, Romanian troops enter Satu Mare.
20 aprilie, 1919 - The Romanian Army enters Oradea.
1 mai, 1919 - The Romanian Army reaches the river Tisza.
[[17iunie-iulie, 1919 - The Council of the Great Powers asks the Romanian government to retreat its troops to the (second) demarcation line and invites Béla Kun to Paris. Romania answers negative, and says it would agree to the demand if the Communist Hungarian Army is disarmed and demobilized. Béla Kun refuses this condition.
17 iulie, 1919 - Béla Kun orders a counter-offensive against the Romanian Army.
20 iulie, 1919 - The Hungarian Army crosses the Tisza; violent battles take place.
26 iulie, 1919 - The Hungarian offensive fails and the Romanian Army pushes the Hungarian troops back to the Tisza. Many POWs are captured.
...
treaty with Yugoslavia
3 august, 1919 - Romanian troops enter Budapest.
...
conquest of Budapest, retreat from Budapest
elections, Văitoianu and Vaida governments
negotiations with Czechoslovakia, agrarian reform
Averescu government, treaties with Hungary and Czechoslovakia

[modifică] Organizarea Transilvaniei în cadrul Regatului României

Pentru detalii, vezi articolul Constituţia României (1923)vezi articolele [[{{{2}}}]] şi [[{{{3}}}]]vezi articolele [[{{{4}}}]], [[{{{5}}}]] şi [[{{{6}}}]]vezi articolele [[{{{7}}}]], [[{{{8}}}]], [[{{{9}}}]] şi [[{{{10}}}]].

1923 - King Fedinand I of Romania signs a new Constitution, which centralizes the administration and does away with the autonomy of Transylvania. Iuliu Maniu and Alexandru Vaida-Voevod declare their opposition to the King.

[modifică] Dictatul de la Viena şi Tratatul de pace de la Paris

Pentru detalii, vezi articolul [[]]vezi articolele Dictatul de la Viena şi Tratatele de pace de la Paris, 1947vezi articolele [[{{{4}}}]], [[{{{5}}}]] şi [[{{{6}}}]]vezi articolele [[{{{7}}}]], [[{{{8}}}]], [[{{{9}}}]] şi [[{{{10}}}]].